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Department of Marine Resources The Maine Dept. of Marine Resources was established to conserve and develop marine and estuarine resources; to conduct and sponsor scientific research; to promote and develop the Maine coastal fishing industries; to advise and cooperate with local, state, and federal officials concerning activities in coastal waters; and to implement, administer, and enforce the laws and regulations necessary for these purposes. The Marine Resources Commission is a State Agency with approximately 150 Employees four divisions: Marine Police, Fisheries Management, Habitat Management, and Administration and Finance Mississippi Department of Marine Resources The Marine Resources Research Institute (MRRI) , Charleston MARINE RESOURCES Marine resources may be categorized as physical, biological, and nonextractive. They may be renewable or nonrenewable. The contribution of marine resources to the world economy has become so large that international laws now govern their allocation. International Law of the Sea. U.S. Marine Mammals Protection act in 1972 uses and abuses of the ocean, ch 15 uses and abuses of the ocean MARINE RESOURCES Photos MARINE RESOURCES Marine resources may be categorized as physical, biological, and nonextractive. They may be renewable or nonrenewable. The contribution of marine resources to the world economy has become so large that international laws now govern their allocation. PHYSICAL RESOURCES Petroleum and Natural Gas (petroleum wells) Sand and Gravel Salts, oolites Fresh Water (potable water, desalination, distillation, freezing, reverse osmosis desalination) BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES Top five harvesters 9live catch of fishes, crustaceans, and mollusks; top fishing areas), grows of the worlds live capture and aquaculture/mariculture fisheries. Aquaculture/mariculture Botanical Resources (algin) Drugs and Bioproducts. NONEXTRACTIVE RESOURCES RENEWABLE RESOURCES NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES PHYSICAL RESOURCES Though expensive to obtain, offshore oil and natural gas presently provide about a third and a quarter, respectively, of world needs. BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES Though fishery output continues to increase, per capita use of oceanic biological resources has fallen since about 1970. The maximum sustainable yield, the maximum amount of each type of fish, crustaceans, and mollusks that can be caught without impairing future populations, probably lies between 100 and 135 million metric tons (110-150 million tons) annually. Dramatic decline in the fishers. Biological resources are often taken without regard to replenishment time. They are being overfished. The intended organism is not the only victim. In some fisheries, Bykill animals unintentionally killed while collecting desirable organisms exceeds target catch. Drift nets. Worldwide bykill may amount to one-fourth of total biological resource utilization, and lost and abandoned nets kill countless more unintended victims. Whaling commercial extinction. Whaling is legal and encouraged in some nations. Thou-sands of whales are still killed each year for food and oil, or by accident in tuna nets. Aquaculture and Mariculture Aquaculture is the growing or farming of plants and animals in any water environment under controlled conditions. Mariculture is the farming of marine organisms, usually in estuaries, bays, or nearshore environments or in specially designed structures using circulated seawater. Ranching. Aquaculture accounts for more than one-quarter of all fish consumed by humans. Shrimp mariculture is the most profitable and fastest-growing sector. NONEXTRACTIVE RESOURCES Nonextractive resources, which include transportation and recreation, areong the fastest-growing and potentially among the most valuable ocean resources. International Law of the Sea. U.S. Marine Mammals Protection act in 1972 PHYSICAL RESOURCES PHYSICAL RESOURCES Petroleum and Natural Gas (petroleum wells) Sand and Gravel Salts, oolites Fresh Water (potable water, desalination, distillation, freezing, reverse osmosis desalination) Offshore -- Petroleum and Natural Gas Production and other energy Most of the energy we get from the ocean is extracted from the ground. Oil, natural gas, and minerals all come from the ocean floor. People are working on new ways to use the ocean too. Solar and wind energy have been used on land, and now they are also being used at sea. Other energy sources that are being explored in the ocean are wave energy, tidal energy, methane hydrates, and ocean thermal energy conversion. What is Offshore? Offshore Petroleum and Natural Gas Natural Gas from Methane Hydrates National Energy Education Development Project, Ocean Energy Petroleum from the Ocean The first mention of oil discovery goes back to the year 347 AD in China. In a periods of 1500s in Carpathian Mountains of Poland, people were collected the seep oil. At that time the seep oil as a dark liquid that stuck to everything and also burned with a foul smell were utilized to light street lamp. That oil gave off more smoke and sot than other lamp oil at that time, which was made from animal fat. Who was really first did produced the commercial oil well is still disputed. In America, the first commercial oil well was done by Edwin L. Drake. Located near the town of Titusville, Pennsylvania, the well reached of 22 m and began to start producing oil on August 28, 1859. With the main market for medicine production (there werent automobiles on those days or other machine utilize oil), Drakes Rock Oil sold for about $40 a barrel (for a value of this time). In Wietze, Germany, claims were made that an oil well had been produce in 1858 earlier one year than Drakes well. Another claim comes up from Persians who did hand-digging wells up to 115 feet in 1594. Geothermal Energy as a Renewable Resources Energy for the future Introduction to Peak Oil - Collection of Articles Sand and Gravel Career fied http://www.mms.gov/sandandgravel/KidConnection.htm see also GROUND WATER ATLAS of the UNITED STATES Sand Collection in Glendale Community College EARTH SCIENCE IMAGE ARCHIVE, GLENDALE COMMUNITY COLLEGE Minerals from the sea Fresh water: HYDROLOGIC CYCLE AND HUMAN USE Princioles of ocean Resource Management United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea Ocean and Law of the Sea International Law of the Sea Law of the Sea Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) of 1972 Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) Annual Report Archive Marine Mammal Protection Act Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 Marine Mammal Protection Act, United States Behaviour of oil at sea Most of the weathering processes, such as evaporation, dispersion, dissolution and sedimentation, lead to the disappearance of oil from the surface of the sea, whereas others, particularly the formation of water-in-oil emulsions ("mousse") and the accompanying increase in viscosity, promote its persistence. The speed and relative importance of the processes depend on factors such as the quantity and type of oil, the prevailing weather and sea conditions, and whether the oil remains at sea or is washed ashore. Ultimately, the marine environment assimilates spilled oil through the long-term process of biodegradation. Spreading Evaporation Dispersion Emulsification - water -in - oil emulsion, oil-in-water emulsion Dissolution Oxidation oil Sedimentation/Sinking Biodegradation Combined processes Tarballs Resuspension Sedimentation Oil Spills: Impact on the Ocean Oil spill An oil spill is the release of a liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the environment due to human activity, and is a form of pollution. The term often refers to marine oil spills, where oil is released into the ocean or coastal waters. The oil may be a variety of materials, including crude oil, refined petroleum products (such as gasoline or diesel fuel) or by-products, ships'' bunkers, oily refuse or oil mixed in waste. Spills take months or even years to clean up. Oil is also released into the environment from natural geologic seeps on the sea floor.[1] Most human-made oil pollution comes from land-based activity, but public attention and regulation has tended to focus most sharply on seagoing oil tankers.[ Oil slicks float on oceans and seas, covering them in a thick film of crude or refined petroleum oil. When freight ships carrying tens of thousands of tons of fuel crash, malfunction, or encounter harsh weather, they spill enormous amounts of oil into the water. Since oil and water don''t mix, the oil spreads out into a layer that hovers, as one mass, on top of the ocean. <a href="http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-oil-slicks.htm#il">source - Oil slicks</a> - thin film on water Tarballs Tarballs Tar The Effects of Oil on Wildlife Sources of Oil Pollution in the Sea Rachel Carson The Legacy of Rachel Carson The women who did graduate study at Hopkins generally went on to distinguish themselves in academic and other professional careers. One of the best known of these women was Rachel Carson. Carson took a masters degree in zoology in 1932, and, beginning in 1936, she worked for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service as an aquatic biologist. She combined her first lovewritingwith her fascination with the natural world and published Under the Sea Wind in 1941. She followed this with two best-sellers: The Sea Around Us (1951) and Silent Spring (1962). The latter set off a nationally publicized struggle between the proponents and opponents of the widespread use of pesticides. The book prompted President Kennedys Science Advisory Committee to undertake a study of the issue. Carson also appeared before the Senate Committee on Commerce, which was hearing testimony on the Chemical Pesticides Coordination Act and related bills. Rachel Carson was a quiet, mild yet firm crusader, whose efforts eventually led to the banning of DDT and more careful control of pesticides generally. Her work played an important role in catalyzing the environmental movement of the late 1960s. Global Warming Climate Change Human activities have caused much of the destruction of the worlds coral reefs. For example, human-induced global climate change may be causing an increase in ocean temperatures. This is suspected to be a major culprit of coral loss. Global climate change is a change in the long-term weather patterns that characterize the regions of the world. Weather refers to the short-term (daily) changes in temperature, wind, and/or precipitation of a region (Merritts et al., 1998). Weather is influenced by the sun. The sun heats the Earth''s atmosphere and its surface, causing air and water to move around the planet. The result can be as simple as a slight breeze or as complex as the formation of a tornado. When weather patterns for an area change in one direction over long periods of time, they can result in a net climate change for that area. The key concept in climate change is time. Natural changes in climate usually occur over geologic time. That means they occur over such long periods of time that they are often not noticed within several human lifetimes. The gradual nature of these climate changes enables plants, animals, and microorganisms to evolve and adapt to the new temperatures, precipitation patterns, etc. Global warming Exclusive Economic Zone The United Nation and the International Law of the Sea The United States Exclusive Economic Zone Under the law of the sea, an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is a seazone over which a state has special rights over the exploration and use of marine resources. It stretches from the edge of the state''s territorial sea out to 200 nautical miles from its coast. In casual use, the term may include the territorial sea and even the continental shelf beyond the 200 mile limit The Encyclopedia of the Earth |
