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Next http://educationally.narod.ru/routeventlinks.html Exam 2 Short Answer Essay Questions (33 points) Please answer the following questions in a new document. Proof for spelling and grammar errors and submit through the DropBox set up on eCompanion. The essays are due on Tuesday, November 3, 2009 before the start of our class (7:00 pm). 1. How does organization of hierarchical data files differ from the organization of relational data files? (3 points) Hierarchical data files are grouped in a strict structural way as parent-children (or subordinated elements). One field is designated as the key field, and it is used to organize the hierarchy. The top of hierarchy is the root, comprised of one entity. There is very strong organizational structure based on relationship and leader position of data files. Relational files are flexible and data can be shared by any files. 2. What is the difference between precision and accuracy in GIS? (2 points) Accuracy = how well data connects with true value. Precision refers to the level of measurement. It looks like mean and standard deviation. 3. What is a spurious or sliver polygon in GIS? How is it created in a spatial database and how can it be corrected (or eliminated)? (2 points) A spurious or sliver polygon is a very small polygon or gap between two lines created erroneously during digitizing. It is created by the overlay two parent lines. 4. What is metadata and why is it important to GIS? (3 points) 5. How does data differ from information? (2 points) 6. Why are information systems more data-oriented today than technology-oriented? (3 points) 7. What does normalize the data mean in GIS? What is GIS (ArcView) doing to the data? (3 points) 8. List the steps necessary to add a field to an existing attribute table in ArcView (2 points) 9. How would the incorporation of slope and aspect (from a DEM) and hydrologic information (such as drainage divides and stream networks) into a GIS assist a resource manager? (3 points) 10. What is the function of a ''neatline'' on a map? How do you place a ''neatline'' on a map in ArcGIS? (2 pts) 11. How do you add a "legend" to a map in ArcGIS? What are the editing options available in the ArcGIS "Legend" Properties? (3 pts) 12. List and describe how data can be symbolized in ArcView. Include in your discussion, the advantages and disadvantages of each type of symbology, as well as the kind of data (i.e., nominal, ordinal, interval, etc) that works best for each symbology and legend type. Indicate also if the symbology type is specific to polygon, arc, or point data. (5 points) Please answer the following Exam 1 Essay questions. Write your answers on a separate document and upload it to the Exam 1 Essay questions dropbox. The essay questions will be available from 10:00 pm, Tuesday, Sept 22, 2009 through Monday, September 28, 12:00 am (midnight). All essays must be uploaded by Monday, September 28, at midnight. NO late essays will be accepted. 1. What is GIS (3 points) A geographic information system has been described as a computer system for capturing, storing, analyzing, and displaying geographically referenced information; that is, data identified according to location. We have some definitions of GIS such as: A computer-based system for capture, storage, analysis and display of locationally defined data. (The National Science Foundation) GIS are computer-based systems that are used to store and manipulate geographic information. (Aronoff, Geographic Information Systems: A Management Perspective) An organized collection of computer hardware, software, geographic data, and personnel designed to efficiently capture, store, update, manipulate, analyze, and display all forms of geographically referenced information. (Unknown source) A computer system capable of holding and using data describing places on the earth''s surface. (Unknown source) All that definition of GIS include the procedures, operating personnel, and spatial data as a part of that system 2. List and describe the various sources of data for GIS (3 points) Different source of hard copy maps we should think about its projection and digitizing (if they not available on a server). Aerial photographs and remotely-sensed imagery this source mostly exist in digital raster form Point data samples and data from surveys; it may be not digitizing Existing digital data files: we have many private firms and governmental agencies specializing in providing digital data. Attribute data that referrers to a geographic feature, has also different data sources. Attribute data is usually input by manual keying or via the software using special format. 3. Describe how GIS technology may have agricultural, or forestry, or municipal applications (chose one application for your essay) (4 points) Municipal GIS is so important that it separates as a special branch of GIS because it helps for departments to do decision. Municipal GIS based on socio-economic and environmental data. Some of the ways GIS is used in communities include: tax map maintenance where GIS users see updated information more quickly than they would if they had to wait for periodic updates; standard theme maps for specialized purposes and decision needs; custom maps; providing basic information about buildings and property (e.g., address, property ID, zoning classification, lot area, street frontage and related information about assessed value); network infrastructure maintenance tracking the public works department may systematically and annually perform certain kinds of maintenance on road, sewer, water, or storm drain networks and this information can then be summarized on a map or in tabular form; school students, customer, or voters walking distance maps for future planning and re-districting or fire equipment distance analysis; and etc. 4. Briefly describe one of the basic map projections used to transfer georeferenced points on the Earth onto a flat surface (i.e., a map). (3 points) The Mercator projection is a cylindrical map projection with a rectangular grid and parallel lines of latitude and longitude. The latitude distance is going to be bigger and bigger from equator to polar direction and finally is going to infinity for a Pole and as a result the projection exaggerates the size of areas far from equator (for example Greenland is presented more bigger then Africa, but in real world Africa 14 times bigger then Greenland, and Finland looks similar to India, although India is a greater). This projection is conform projection because Tissots Indicatrix shows small circles on equator area, and bigger ones closer to polar areas. Mercator himself used the equal-area sinusoidal projection to show relative areas. 5. Describe the difference between spatial data and non-spatial data (4 points) All spatial data will be geo-referenced to areas or features and describes a location in space, but non-spatial data accepts all personal information about object as its attribute (ownership or gender, or age for example) of that object. It depends from an object, but not from its location. 6. How to you create a NEW layer from an existing layer and add it to your Data Frame in ArcView? (2 points) Right-mouse-clicking on layer, we will open its context menu and can choose save as layer file with new name. 7. How do you access the ArcGIS 8.x tools in ArcView? (2 points) ArcGIS 8.x is a 1999 product if ESRI with Microsoft Windows operating system and combined ArcView, ArcINFO and ArcEditor that have 3 same applications: ArcMar, ArcCatalog, and ArcTools. So, if we will work in ArcView,at our desktop or Web, ArcGIS 8.x product provides all tools that we need. 8. List all the ways that the Layer Properties dialog box can be accessed in ArcView.(2 points) - double clicking on the layer name - right-clicking on the layer name and the navigating through context menu 9. How can you import ARCINFO coverage files (*.e00) into ArcView? (2 points) - we will create a new folder for a file in C: drive -start Start-Program-ArcGIS-ArcToolbox, choose Import - browse to the location of (*.e00) file and select that file and navigate it to the folder that can be used as an output data set, press OK. - importing can take around 5 minutes until Import Complete notice -save new folder on a flash memory -start ArcView and check that coverage displays properly 10. Briefly describe the importance of GIS, including a discussion of the components of GIS that make it distinctive from other Information Systems and the types of analysis functions typically performed in a GIS. (5 points) Using GIS we can solve the most challenging issues such as data management, planning and analysis, business operations, can analyze problems. GIS is an integrated collection of GIS software products that provides a standard-based special analysis, data management, and computer mapping. GIS is scalable and can be integrated with other systems. In other site, GIS can be distinguished from other systems through its capacity to conduct spatial searches and overlays that actually generate new information. In contrast, computer aided design CAD and DBMS are limited simply to graphics reproduction. Even when CAD and DBMS are linked together, they only constitute a sophisticated computer mapping system, not a GIS. The basic components of GIS are: hardware, software, data, and special personal. Basic concept of GIS, philosophy of GIS, and its modeling ability (that is, creating new information) do it distinctive from another Information systems and gives second life for Geography. GIS spatial analytic functions (GIS analysis) the most important part of GIS. Another important part is modern database organization and management. Next analytical functions performed in GIS INTRO TO GIS EXAM 3 SHORT ANSWER ESSAY QUESTIONS 1. Briefly describe examples of privacy concerns in the context of GIS. (2 points) 2. Briefly explain how liability has become an important issue in GIS and other automated systems. Give examples of legal action as a result of liability issues. (4 points) 3. List and describe briefly the three segments or parts of GPS. (3 points) 4. What is the meaning of data mosaics and what are its problems and benefits? (2 points) 5. Describe some of the expected benefits from implementing a GIS. (3 points) 6. List and describe the key management decision points in a GIS development plan. (3 points) 7. What is Geocoding? (3 points) 8. Explain why you should never trust the Default setting when creating a Layout in ArcView (2 points) 9. Why do you need to create a New Address Locator before starting a Geocoding process? (2 points) 10. What is the difference between a Point Route Event and a Line Route Event? (2 points) 11. What is a pilot study for GIS and why is it important? (3 points) 12. Explain how you might use Tomlinsons (2007) 10 stages in implementing GIS in your organization, or dream GIS job? (4 points) 1. Briefly describe examples of privacy concerns in the context of GIS GIS databases hold all kinds of private information (tax and land records, property titles, data on construction or occupancy permits, addresses or data on water use). Sometimes that data might be incorrect or old and may cause economic or social harm. The problem of incorrect information has not yet been resolved and it is the trouble as more and more data on individuals is collected and stored on databases. The solution is debating now and will probably come in some legal form. Briefly explain how liability has become an important issue in GIS and other automated systems. Give examples of legal action as a result of liability issues. GIS professionals may be liable for the accuracy and reliability of the information stored in their databases, sold, or issued to the public. If harm is caused by a mistake made in a GIS dataset, it may end up in court. Uncorrected mistakes and errors can have disastrous consequences when people depend on a map for accurate representations of the real world. Data providers may be held accountable if the information they distribute leads to damage or loss even if that information was used for purposes for which it was never intended. For example, according to THE GEOGRAPHERS CRAFT web site, in Reminga vs. United States, the government was held responsible for an airplane crash when prosecutors proved that federal maps had inaccurately depicted the location of a broadcasting tower, and in Aetna Casualty and Surety Co. vs. Jeppeson and Co. the court found that an aeronautical chart published by Jeppeson and Co. had misled the flight crew in a fatal plane crash. The chart in question mapped out the instrument approach to an airfield using correct data from the Federal Aviation Agency, but in a way that obscured a simple--and fatal--error. Two views--from the side and from above--were drawn. The two charts were depicted together so that they appeared to be in the same scale, but in fact they were drawn in two different scales. The company was found liable. These materials were developed by Margaret Lynch and Kenneth E. Foote, Department of Geography, University of Texas at Austin, 1995 as examples of liability issues and legal action in GIS. List and describe briefly the three segments or parts of GPS The Global Positioning System (GPS) helps people find their location anywhere on Earth. There are 3 segments. The first is the space segment. There are 24 satellite orbits and we have signals from many of that satellites in our point. Each satellite continually transmits a coded message which includes information about its position and time of transmission. The second segment is the control segment. The control center sends monitor stations data back to satellites, and the satellites broadcast this information to users. This segment with a number of monitor stations and a main control center in Colorado controls any slight changes in the orbit of the satellites, so the satellites can transmit their exact position to users. The last segment is the user segment for picking up signals from the satellites. Satellites transmit coded data including position and its time. The receiver compares the time a signal was sent with the time it was received and the distance to satellite can be calculated. Bu taking similar measurement from 3-4 satellites, the receiver can point exact location on Earth. What is the meaning of data mosaics and what are its problems and benefits? Data Mosaics in database is the way of sharing of data within computer systems and the ability to link enormous types and quantities of information. The information Metadata and GIS http://www.esri.com/library/whitepapers/pdfs/metadata-and-gis.pdf An overview of the Metadata toolset http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.2/index.cfm?TopicName=An_overview_of_the_Metadata_toolset Metadata is important when sharing tools, data, and maps. It lets you search to see if the resources you need already exist, and once you''ve found a GIS resource its metadata will help you decide if it''s suitable for your purposes. Almost any item in ArcCatalog, including folders and file types such as Word documents, can have metadata. ArcCatalog lets you create metadata following the FGDC Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (CSDGM) or the ISO standard 19115, Geographic InformationMetadata. Once metadata has been created in ArcCatalog, you can use the metadata conversion tools to validate the metadata content according to a specific metadata standard or export the metadata content to standalone XML files that can be used with other metadata software. Explore the following links to learn more about metadata in ArcGIS Desktop and metadata standards About metadata http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.2/index.cfm?TopicName=about_metadata Importing and exporting metadata http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.2/index.cfm?TopicName=Importing_and_exporting_metadata Metadata Standard http://www.state.nj.us/dep/gis/metastan.htm Information Organization andData Structure http://www.ncgia.ucsb.edu/giscc/units/u051/u051.html exam 1. Briefly describe examples of privacy concerns in the context of GIS GIS databases hold all kinds of private information (tax and land records, property titles, data on construction or occupancy permits, addresses or data on water use). Sometimes that data might be incorrect or old and may cause economic or social harm. The problem of incorrect information has not yet been resolved and it is the trouble as more and more data on individuals is collected and stored on databases. The solution is debating now and will probably come in some legal form. Briefly explain how liability has become an important issue in GIS and other automated systems. Give examples of legal action as a result of liability issues. GIS professionals may be liable for the accuracy and reliability of the information stored in their databases, sold, or issued to the public. If harm is caused by a mistake made in a GIS dataset, it may end up in court. Uncorrected mistakes and errors can have disastrous consequences when people depend on a map for accurate representations of the real world. Data providers may be held accountable if the information they distribute leads to damage or loss even if that information was used for purposes for which it was never intended. For example, according to THE GEOGRAPHERS CRAFT web site, in Reminga vs. United States, the government was held responsible for an airplane crash when prosecutors proved that federal maps had inaccurately depicted the location of a broadcasting tower, and in Aetna Casualty and Surety Co. vs. Jeppeson and Co. the court found that an aeronautical chart published by Jeppeson and Co. had misled the flight crew in a fatal plane crash. The chart in question mapped out the instrument approach to an airfield using correct data from the Federal Aviation Agency, but in a way that obscured a simple--and fatal--error. Two views--from the side and from above--were drawn. The two charts were depicted together so that they appeared to be in the same scale, but in fact they were drawn in two different scales. The company was found liable. These materials were developed by Margaret Lynch and Kenneth E. Foote, Department of Geography, University of Texas at Austin, 1995 as examples of liability issues and legal action in GIS. List and describe briefly the three segments or parts of GPS The Global Positioning System (GPS) helps people find their location anywhere on Earth. There are 3 segments. The first is the space segment. There are 24 satellite orbits and we have signals from many of that satellites in our point. Each satellite continually transmits a coded message which includes information about its position and time of transmission. The second segment is the control segment. The control center sends monitor stations data back to satellites, and the satellites broadcast this information to users. This segment with a number of monitor stations and a main control center in Colorado controls any slight changes in the orbit of the satellites, so the satellites can transmit their exact position to users. The last segment is the user segment for picking up signals from the satellites. Satellites transmit coded data including position and its time. The receiver compares the time a signal was sent with the time it was received and the distance to satellite can be calculated. Bu taking similar measurement from 3-4 satellites, the receiver can point exact location on Earth. What is the meaning of data mosaics and what are its problems and benefits? Data Mosaics in database is the way of sharing of data within computer systems and the ability to link enormous types and quantities of information. The information can be called- up electronically because compatible formats. GIS can be used to create data mosaics and may share some of the potential problems of other ''shareware'' database systems. Problem # 1 Security of a data set. Problem #2 Propagation of errors Problem # 3 Propensity Profiles Benefits: GIS can perform spatial analysis and create new sets of data. Describe some of the expected benefits from implementing a GIS Implementing GIS presents a unique set of challenges. The successful GIS implementation, especially in municipal government agencies and other public-sector organizations can give some of expected benefits such as choosing GIS software to making the decision, benefits of implementing enterprise GIS. Benefits from using a GIS fall into the two categories of: efficiency and effectiveness. Existing manual tasks done more efficiently by the GIS result in a substantial savings of staff time. For example, using the query function of a GIS can range from 2 person-years for a smaller town, to 5-8 person years for a large town, to 10 or more person-years for a large county. The GIS may be used to accomplish several tasks that were not previously done due to their size and complexity (e.g., flow analysis in water and sewer systems, traffic analysis, etc.). GIS is helpful for better planning or more effective decision-making, these applications support more effective investment of government resources in physical infrastructure where relatively small performance improvements can translate into large dollar savings. GIS also provides an effective way to communicate the problem and solution to the general public and other interested parties. List and describe the key management decision points in a GIS development plan Six-phase process to implement a GIS Awareness Development of System Requirements System Evaluation Development of Implementation Plan System Acquisition Operational Phase What is Geocoding? Geocoding is the process of finding associated geographic coordinates from other geographic data (zip or postal codes and addresses, photos) for mapping the features using GIS. Geocoding, also known as address matching, is the process of creating geometric representations for descriptions of locations. Explain why you should never trust the Default setting when creating a Layout in ArcView The default setting is As Laid Out on Screen, but if we want to have a perfect design, we will avoid default setting. Why do you need to create a New Address Locator before starting a Geocoding process? We need New Address Locator to prepare of address (non-spatial) data to geocoding (convent textual description of location into geographic features that can be locating and rematching). A Address Locator defines a process of consenting nonspatial description of places into special description. What is the difference between a Point Route Event and a Line Route Event? Point and Line Route Events both describe a single location along the route and stored as route event tables that organized around a common theme. For example, an event table for highways might include speed limits, condition, and accidents. Point Route Event occurs at precise locations along a route. Accident locations, signals, bus stops, and pumping stations are all examples of point events. Point events use a single measure value to describe their location. Line Route Event describes a portion of a route. Pavement quality, bus fares, and traffic volumes are all examples of line events. Line events use two measure values to describe their location. What is a pilot study for GIS and why is it important? A pilot study is the most important part of any large scale project because it will be help for us to plan all kind resources for your project (staff, finance, time) and the form of your final report. A good research strategy requires careful planning and a pilot study will often be a part of this strategy. A pilot study is a standard scientific tool for ''soft'' research, allowing us to conduct a preliminary analysis before committing to a full-blown project. Where do we can use pilot project? For example, pilot studies can be small-scale rehearsals of large data collections because it is the most important part of GIS and we must create data collection seriously. Explain how you might use Tomlinsons (2007) 10 stages in implementing GIS in your organization, or dream GIS job? Ten Stages to GIS Planning (Tomlinson 2007): Consider the Strategic Purpose GIS EXAM 3 STUDY GUIDE FALL 2009 GIS - Legal and Ethical Issues:_ Privacy, access, availability of information, Freedom of Information Act Repercussions, Challenges to companies: selling private information, monitoring employees Challenges to government: search and seizure rights, sharing of information With other agencies, access to database Challenges to database: time and money, royalties, values (before and after Accessing) Data Mosaic data sharing Challenges to Data Mosaics: (1) Managing security (2) correcting errors and Propagation of errors (3) Propensity profiles based on database records Conflicting responsibilities of govt: provide information according to FOIA, but Costs increasing as databases grow - Choices for government? Access to private information by persons and industry: availability? Costs? Value added? What is a public record? Intellectual property rights? Legal issues: Copyright violations? Registration of trademarks, recipes, etc. Legal/Liability issues: decisions made based on GIS analysis: decisions made based on poor GIS: GIS analysis used incorrectly (Unintended and inappropriate use of GIS data) GIS as evidence in Court? Precedents? Technological solutions to legal problems? GIS and GPS GPS equipment and definition, accuracy considerations, GDOP (PDOP), Standard Positioning Service (SPS) accuracy issues (mapping vs. survey), Selective Availability, differential correction Satellites: orbit, positions in space, timing Three segments: Space Control User (examples for each segment) Datalogger Memory Card: differences, capabilities, prices Receivers: differences, capabilities, prices GPS and the Datum Plane Implementing a GIS - 6 phase implementation: approaches to introducing new technology, acquisition of GIS, functional requirements/user needs, needs assessment, Benchmark test, pilot study, cost benefit analysis, database considerations, Design and testing, data life cycle, GIS development cycle, data sources, Data types, data formats, GIS: Performance and Effectiveness (measurements) Software: Functionality and Performance; Hardware: Components Designing a GIS - Tomlinson provides a 10-stage process for designing a GIS. Be able to identify the stages and explain how you would use them to design a GIS project for yourself. Applications of a GIS how to design a GIS for an application, problem-solving with a GIS, |
