create layer from selected features http://people.revoledu.com/kardi/tutorial/GIS/Layer%20from%20Selection.htm INTRO TO GIS � EXAM 3 SHORT ANSWER ESSAY QUESTIONS 1. Briefly describe examples of privacy concerns in the context of GIS. (2 points) 2. Briefly explain how liability has become an important issue in GIS and other automated systems. Give examples of legal action as a result of liability issues. (4 points) 3. List and describe briefly the three segments or parts of GPS. (3 points) 4. What is the meaning of �data mosaics� and what are its problems and benefits? (2 points) 5. Describe some of the expected benefits from implementing a GIS. (3 points) 6. List and describe the key management decision points in a GIS development plan. (3 points) 7. What is Geocoding? (3 points) 8. Explain why you should never �trust� the Default setting when creating a Layout in ArcView (2 points) 9. Why do you need to create a �New Address Locator� before starting a Geocoding process? (2 points) 10. What is the difference between a Point Route Event and a Line Route Event? (2 points) 11. What is a pilot study for GIS and why is it important? (3 points) 12. Explain how you might use Tomlinson�s (2007) 10 stages in implementing GIS in your organization, or dream GIS job? (4 points) Legend Type http://www.geography.vt.edu/people/Uganda-tutorial/u-arc7.htm -Adding data frames http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.2/index.cfm?TopicName=Adding_data_frames -Adding data frames You can add as many data frames to your map as you need and arrange them in the page layout. When you have more than one data frame in a map, you need to be aware of which data frame is active. Many of the ArcMap tools and commands work on the active data frame. You can tell which data frame is active by confirming that its name is shown in bold in the table of contents. In addition, when a map contains more than one data frame, the active data frame is shown with a light dotted line around its border. The diagram below shows the various states of a data frame in layout view If you have many data frames in a layout, you may find that map composition tasks are slowed down by having to draw each data frame as it moves. You can set a data frame to use draft mode drawing, which means it only draws the border and the data frame''s name in the middle of its extent in layout view. Adding a new data frame to a map 1. Click the Insert menu and click Data Frame. You can add any data to the new data frame Copying a data frame 1. Click the data frame in layout view to select it. 2. Click the Edit menu and click Copy. 3. Click the Edit menu and click Paste. 4. Click the copy, located on top of the original data frame, and drag it to a new place on the page ArcView Extension (ArcCatalog-Tools-Extension) http://www.esri.com/library/brochures/pdfs/arcgisextbro.pdf Spatial Analyst 3D Analyst Netvork analyst Street map USA Image Analyst (remote sensing image)... Arc press - printind maps Customizing ArcGIS Desktop Applications http://edndoc.esri.com/arcobjects/9.1/ArcGISDevHelp/Application%20Development%20Options/CustomizingDesktopApplications.htm ArcView Customization ArcCatalog-Tools-Customize ESRI ESRI shapefile technical description http://www.esri.com/library/whitepapers/pdfs/shapefile.pdf A shapefile id a data structure for ArcView. It is a non-topologically structured file that has attributes linked to its spacial features, points, lines, and polygons. Shapefiles are composed at least three files (*.shp, *.shx, *.dbf). Because these files are not stored in a directory (like coverages) they can be copied using a system-level copy. *.shp - store feature geometry *.shx - store an index to the feature geometry *.dbf -dBASE files that store the attribute information of features *.sbn and *.sbx - store the spatial index of features. *.ain nd *.aih stores the attribute indexof the active fields in in an attribute table and speeds up joins, links, and simple queries. Understanding Topology http://www.esri.com/news/arcuser/0401/topo.html Free GIS Shapefiles, Software, Resources and Maps http://www.mapcruzin.com/ Download Free GIS Maps & ArcGIS Shapefiles (for use with many GIS programs) http://www.mapcruzin.com/download-free-arcgis-shapefiles.htm Creating affordable Internet map server applications for regional scale applications http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WJ7-4MV71RD-4&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1103044063&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=d4e91cea19f3006947b3405bff0c22b2 ArcGIS Server http://www.docstoc.com/search/ArcGIS-Server/ THE SPATIAL DATA SERVER BASED ON OPEN GIS http://fromto.hig.se/~bjg/geoinformatics/files/p241.pdf ArcGIS Server http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArcGIS_Server Mapping a Network Drive http://www.gis.usu.edu/~jweeks/mapnetworkdrive.html Online Mapping http://www.mass.gov/mgis/mapping.htm Mapping and visualization in ArcMap !!! http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.3/body.cfm?tocVisable=1&ID=36&TopicName=Mapping%20and%20visualization%20in%20ArcMap The main application in ArcGIS is ArcMap, which is used for all mapping and editing tasks as well as for map-based query and analysis. A map is the most common view for users to work with geographic information. It''s the primary application in any GIS to work with geographic information. ArcMap represents geographic information as a collection of layers and other elements in a map view. Common map elements include the data frame containing map layers for a given extent plus a scale bar, north arrow, title, descriptive text, and a symbol legend. There are two primary map display panels in ArcMap: the data frame and the layout view. The data frame provides a geographic window, or map frame, in which you can display and work with geographic information as a series of map layers. The layout view provides a page view where map elements (such as the data frame, a scale bar, and a map title) are arranged on a page. You can learn more about data frames and map layouts below. When you save a map you have created in ArcMap, it will automatically append a file extension (.mxd) to your map document name. All the maps you compose in ArcMap are saved to an ArcMap document file named with an .mxd extension. Map document files are managed in file system folders. You can work with an existing .mxd by opening it in Windows. This will start an ArcMap session for that .mxd. You can also save a map layer definition as an .lyr file in ArcMap. This enables you to share layer definitions and display properties with others. Working with toolbar''s�ArcMap includes a set of toolbar''s that organize a broad set of tools for working with maps and their contents. Tools can be used to navigate around maps (for example, pan and zoom and select features), edit features, and compose map layouts for printing. Map printing and graphics exportXl Building Your Own Geodatabase Using ArcGIS !!! http://arapaho.nsuok.edu/~ziehr/courses/geog4813/Building_Your_Own_Geodatabase_Using_ArcGIS-Part2.html Georeferencing for Vectors: Overview of Spatial Adjustment http://www.aubreyrhea.net/gis/index.php/tag/coordinate-system/ Problem: Vector datasets are not lining up correctly in ArcMap, and you don�t know their projection. ArcMap�s spatial adjustment toolbar allows you to do the same thing to a vector dataset using a slightly different, but familiar workflow. Please note that spatial adjustment should only be used when it is impossible to determine the projection of your vector data. Defining the correct projection will result in a much more accurate result. Applying the ArcGIS HSPF Preprocessing Methodology!!! http://www.crwr.utexas.edu/gis/gishydro06/WaterQuality/HSPF/tutorials/3-ApplyingArcHSPFPPM.htm Contents 1. Contents.. 1 2. Purpose and Overview... 1 3. Computer and Data Requirements.. 2 3.1. Computer requirements. 2 3.2. Data Description: 3 4. Applying the methodology.. 7 4.1. Renumbering Basins and Streams. 7 4.2. Calculating Slopes. 10 4.3. Define Land Segments to be Simulated with HSPF. 18 4.4. Write intermediate text files to transfer data to WinHSPF. 24 4.5. Create a new HSPF model using WinHSPF. 32 2. Purpose and Overview The purpose of this exercise is to demonstrate how to use ArcGIS data and tools to create a new HSPF model in the ArcGIS environment. This tutorial is based on work from the author�s Masters Thesis, the entirety of which can be found here: ArcGIS and HSPF Model Development. The ArcGIS HSPF Preprocessing methodology uses as many existing tools as possible to bridge the gap between ArcGIS and HSPF. The methodology avoids the necessity of additional terrain processing tools by assuming that existing Arc Hydro, BASINS, or other terrain processing tools have been used to produce �Catchment� and �DrainageLine� feature classes. Once information has been extracted from GIS data, the WinHSPF program is used to finish building a new HSPF model. WinHSPF is a non-proprietary component of the BASINS system that runs independently of any GIS environment and is widely used for developing and calibration HSPF models. Beginning with two feature classes describing Catchments and DrainageLines, landuse data, and terrain data, four main tasks will be accomplished: (i) Calculate physical attributes (slopes) necessary for HSPF model creation (ii) Define Land Segments to be simulated with HSPF (iii) Write intermediate text files to transfer data from GIS to WinHSPF (iv) Create a new HSPF model using WinHSPF and the intermediate text files Each of these tasks will be described in detail below. extra http://educationally.narod.ru/linksgis71.html Geoscience Computing http://www.geosc.psu.edu/computing/?q=337 About symbolizing temporal data http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.2/index.cfm?TopicName=About_symbolizing_temporal_data Symbology tab settings You can use the settings on the Symbology tab to customize the appearance of your data based on its temporal attributes. Begin with base symbology for events in the layer, which you can modify based on the set time window. These modifications will change color, size, or shape depending on the type of data with which you�re working. For example, although point data can be symbolized by color, size, or shape, lines and polygons are limited to color modifications. You can also display the data within the time window with no changes to its symbology by choosing the No modification option Ways to modify temporal symbology Temporal symbology can be modified using the following options on the Symbology tab of the Time Window box: No modification The No modification option in the Drawn As panel allows you to change the time window settings to determine how much data will display. Any data outside the parameters you set here will not display on the map. Data within the time window will display using the base symbology. This option is available for point, line, and polygon data. Color The Color option in the Drawn As panel allows you to change the appearance of data as it ages by color. Use the Color Ramp drop-down arrow to select the color gradation you want to display as time passes. The legend panel at the bottom of the tab updates with the colors you have chosen, dividing the color gradation into classes. This option is available for point, line, and polygon data. Shape The Shape option in the Drawn As panel allows you to change the way data appears as it ages by its shape. Double-click any shape in the Symbol column of the legend panel and choose the desired shape from the ArcMap Symbol Selector. You can do this individually for each class in the legend panel. This option will allow you to change only the shape of the symbol�not the size, color, or rotation, which are characteristics determined by the base symbology. This option is available only for points. Size The Size option in the Drawn As panel allows you to change the way data appears as it ages by its size. Enter numeric integer values to determine the size range of the symbols you want to draw during playback. The symbols will change accordingly in the legend panel. With this option, type in From and To values for the symbol size. This option is available only for points. Period The Period drop-down list allows you to set the time window in which the data will display. Choose a value from the list or type in a decimal numeric value. Units The Units drop-down list allows you to set the time window units in which the data will display. Choose a unit from the list. You cannot enter a unit that does not appear in the list. Classification settings The Classification settings allow you to set how your data will display (past, past and future, or future), as well as the number of classes, or divisions, for the time window you want to display. How: Past and future Tracking Analyst allows you to set a time window that will display data in the past, future, or both�spanning the zero point of the present moment. Real-time data can only be viewed in the present and past. You won�t be able to view it in a future time window because it''s streaming. However, the future time window gives the user flexibility in viewing fixed-time data. The timeline below illustrates the variety of time window options for the past and future. For example, imagine you have a six-hour temporal window. You can set that window to show data from the present moment back in time to show the past six hours. Depending on the situation, you can also set the window to display data from the present moment forward in time to show the next six hours. Or, if you want, you can span the zero point and set the window to show the past three hours, the current time, and the next three hours. Classes The Classes drop-down list allows you to divide your time window into several ranges to delineate the passage of time. Choose a value from this drop-down list. Legend panel The Legend panel gives you a preview of how the data will appear based on its age. This panel offers a preview of how your data will appear based on the settings you have indicated for temporal symbology. It shows the number of classes, how each class is symbolized (by color, size, or shape), the range included in each class, and the label for each range that will appear in the ArcMap table of contents. You can click in one of the legend fields to manually change a range or label. When you change a range manually, you can enter decimal numeric values for these ranges, which Tracking Analyst will truncate to three decimal places. Tracking Analyst will only allow you to change the end of a given range. If another range follows the one you''ve changed, it will update automatically based on your changes. If you edit a range to include all of the next range, the legend panel will automatically eliminate the following range and change the number of classes accordingly. All changes to ranges and labels in the legend panel will be overwritten if you go back to the time window and classification settings and make further changes there. You can access other options for changing symbology by right-clicking the legend panel. The context menu that appears includes commands to flip symbols, ramp colors, and access properties for all symbols. Flip Symbols will invert the order of the symbols for the ranges you have set up. For instance, if you have modified symbology by size, the range with the smallest symbol will have the largest, after using the Flip Symbols command. This command is available only if you�ve chosen to modify symbology by color or size�that is, the command is not available for shape. Ramp Colors allows you to manually define a color ramp. Change the colors for the first and last classes, then use the Ramp Colors command to fill in the colors for ranges between the first and last classes. This command is available only if you�ve chosen to modify symbology by color. Properties for Selected Symbol(s) accesses the Symbol Selector dialog box, where you can change settings for the symbol or symbols you have highlighted in the legend panel. Properties for All Symbols accesses the Symbol Selector dialog box, where you can change the appropriate aspect of symbology. For instance, if you have modified symbology by color, the Symbol Selector will allow you to change only color. If you have modified by size or shape, the Symbol Selector will allow you to choose those symbols. Not all options are available for all types of temporal symbology Introduction to ArcGIS http://www.idasnet.com/idas_site/idasnet_eng/training/intro_arcgis2.htm Goals Perform spatial analysis Manage geographic data Perform geocoding Display points and lines from event tables Automate data through heads-up digitizing Convert data from other formats Edit spatial and attribute data Create and use metadata Produce high-quality maps and reports Getting to know ArcView GIS: the geographic information system http://books.google.com/books?id=UKGN8Ml05poC&pg=PT414&lpg=PT414&dq=%22Legend%22+Properties%3F+gis&source=bl&ots=m5_xG-kPsD&sig=Yv7nFTdNz4xPt_vwRujfxFM95l0&hl=en&ei=KrbvSsSHDJOMtAPzk82ABg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CA8Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22Legend%22%20Properties%3F%20gis&f=false Overlap - Analyzing spatial intership How to add map elements: Adding north arrows, scale bars, and other map elements http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.2/index.cfm?TopicName=Adding_north_arrows%2C_scale_bars%2C_and_other_map_elements Scale bars Scale bars provide a visual indication of the size of features and distance between features on the map. A scale bar is a line or bar divided into parts and labeled with its ground length, usually in multiples of map units such as tens of kilometers or hundreds of miles. If the map is enlarged or reduced, the scale bar remains correct. When you add a scale bar to a map, the number and size of the divisions might not be exactly as you want them. For example, you might want to show four divisions rather than three or show 100 meters per division instead of 200. You might also want to change the units that the scale bar shows or adjust how those units are represented. You can adjust many characteristics of a scale bar from the Scale Bar Properties dialog box. When you add a scale bar to a map, the number labels and tick marks might not be exactly as you want them. For example, you might want to label the endpoints of the scale bar but not the divisions, or you might want larger tick marks at the major divisions of the bar than at the minor ones. Scale text You can also represent the scale of your map with scale text. Scale text indicates the scale of the map and features on the map. Scale text tells a map reader how many ground units are represented by a map unit�for example, "one centimeter equals 100,000 meters". Scale text can also be an absolute ratio independent of units, such as 1:24,000. This means one unit on the map is equal to 24,000 of the same units on the ground. The advantage of absolute scale text is that map readers can interpret it with any units they want. One drawback of scale text is that if a printed copy of the map is duplicated at another scale (enlarged or reduced), the scale text will be in error. Scale bars do not suffer this limitation. Many maps have both scale text and a scale bar to indicate the map scale. Legends A legend tells a map reader the meaning of the symbols used to represent features on the map. Legends consist of examples of the symbols on the map with labels containing explanatory text. When you use a single symbol for the features in a layer, the layer is labeled with the layer''s name in the legend. When you use multiple symbols to represent features in a single layer, the field you used to classify the features becomes a heading in the legend and each category is labeled with its value. Legends have patches that show examples of the map symbols. By default, the legend patches are points, straight lines, or rectangles that match the map symbols. You can customize the legend patches, for example, so areas are represented with patches of another shape or rivers are drawn with a sinuous rather than a straight line Frames Certain map elements�including scale bars, scale text, north arrows, legends, and data frames�can have frames. You can use frames to set map elements apart from other elements or from the background of the map. You can also use frames to visually link map elements to other parts of the map by using similar frames for related elements. Converting map elements to graphics You might want to convert a map element, such as a legend, to graphics if you want more precise control over each item that comprises the map element. Adding a legend Click the Insert menu and click Legend. The Legend wizard appears. If this wizard doesn''t appear, wizards have been turned off. When wizards have been turned off, a default legend will be immediately added to your layout. You can double-click this legend to change its properties. If you''d prefer to use the Legend wizard when you insert a legend, you need to turn wizards back on. Click Options from the Tools menu and click the General tab on the dialog box that appears. Check the Show Wizards when available box. To remove a legend item, click it, and click the left arrow button. By default, all the layers on the map will appear as legend items in the legend. Use the Up and Down arrow buttons to order the legend items. Click Next. Type a title for the legend. Set the text color, font, and size as desired, then click Next. Click the Border drop-down arrow and click a border. Click the Background drop-down arrow and click a background. Click the Drop Shadow drop-down arrow and click a drop shadow. Click Next. Click a legend item in the list to modify the symbol patch. Set the Patch properties as desired and click Next. Set the spacing between legend elements by typing a value into the appropriate box. Click Finish What''s new in ArcMap for version 9.1 http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.1/index.cfm?TopicName=What''s%20new%20in%20ArcMap%20for%20version%209.1 Problem: Legend columns get updated even if cancelling out of the dialog box http://support.esri.com/index.cfm?fa=knowledgebase.techarticles.articleShow&d=17391 Query Builder http://webgis.wr.usgs.gov/globalgis/tutorials/tools/query_builder.htm The Query Builder allows the user to select records by searching fields for a specified value Basic Query Operations http://geog.hkbu.edu.hk/virtuallabs/GIS/arcv_query.htm Previously you learnt how to select and display information about certain features in a theme. A more powerful way of gathering information within or between themes is to use a query expression. A query expression is a precise definition of the features you wish to select. The expression can include multiple attributes, operators and calculations. The Query Builder is used to define the expression in ArcView. Single Theme Query Imagine you wish to find those capital cities in the world which have a population of over 5 million. Make the view window and the cities theme active as this is the theme that you will be querying. Then click the Query Builder Button , the Query Builder dialog window appears on the screen. Within this window you build the query statement. In the list of Fields section double click the "Capital" attribute. The name of the attribute should now be inserted into the expression box which is below the list of fields. Note that when the attribute is highlighted in the Fields section, the possible values which this attribute takes are listed in the Values section. The choices available to you are Y and N, which means Yes it is a capital city or No it isn''t. We want those cities which are capitals so now click the equal to button and then either type "Y" on the keyboard or double click Y in the Values list. This is the first part of your query. Now click the and button. By doing this you are telling ArcView that the features you want to select have to satisfy two arguments. Notice that a set of parentheses (), is placed around the first argument. Now double click on the Population attribute from the Fields list, and follow this by clicking the greater than button. Rather than search the Values list for the number 5 million (which may not exactly be there), it is much easier to enter the number 5000000 using the keyboard. Now the final step is to close the argument by adding a parentheses. Do this either by typing on the keyboard or clicking the button. If you have entered the expression correctly it should appear as: ([Capital] = "Y") and ([Population] > 5000000). If your expression appears exactly like this click the New Set button to instruct ArcView to calculate the features which meet the arguments entered in your expression. If not edit the expression then calculate the features to select. Close the Query Builder dialog window. The selected cities are highlighted yellow in the view. Also if you choose to view the associated attribute table (click the button), you will find the selected records are also highlighted in yellow. How many cities satisfy this criteria? The answer can be found just under the main ArcView menu bar and should be 16. This was a simple query requiring only one theme. Now you will make a more complex query which utilises two themes. Before proceeding close the attribute table, make the view window active and deselect all the currently selected cities by clicking the button. Multiple Theme Query Imagine you wish to find those cities with a population greater than 3 million, which are located in countries having a total area of less than 80 thousand square kilometres. You will undertake this query in three distinct parts. First you will create a set of all cities having a population greater than 3 million and then you will create a set of those countries having a total land area of less than 80,000 square kilometres. Finally you will intersect these two sets to create a final set of cities having the characteristics you wish. Make the cities theme active and then click the Query Builder button. Using the method described above build the query and click the New Set button and then close the Query Builder dialog window. If you have done this correctly you should have selected 61 cities. You can check by clicking the button. Close the attribute table and make the view window active. Next you will create the second part of your query. Now make the World Countries theme active and click the Query Builder button. Enter the expression to select those countries having an area less than 80,000 square kilometres and click the New Set button. Close the query builder and check that you have selected 79 countries by openning the attribute table. Once verified close the table. You have now created two seperate feature sets. You need to intersect these sets to find those selected cities which are located in the selected countries. First make the cities theme active as it is the name of the cities you are interested in not the names of the countries. From the main menu select Theme - Select by Theme ... to bring up the Select by theme dialog window. Now choose to: Select features of active themes (which in this case is the countries theme) that Intersect the selected features of World Countries ''94. Then click the Select from Set button. With this action you are selecting from those cities already selected previously. Check to see how many cities fulfill the query by openning the attribute table (click the button). There should be five selected. Scroll down the table to find the names of these cities, what are they and what countries are they located in? Answers: Athens/Greece, Taipei/Taiwan, Dhaka/Bangladesh, Seoul/S.Korea and Pusan/S.Korea. NOTE: It is fairly obvious that this data is a little out of date and was produced in the USA. For this reason Taiwan has been listed as a country even though it is a province of China. Before proceeding close any open tables and deselect any selected features. To deselect features make the theme active and click the button. Do this for both themes. Remove any tables from your Tables list in the Project window (remember you access the tables list by clicking the tables icon in the project menu). Zoom out to the full extent of the view and proceed. Make sure and save your project by clicking the button or by selecting File - Save Project from the main menu. Spatial and Attribute Query http://geog.hkbu.edu.hk/virtuallabs/GIS/lab1b.htm Setting up your Database Before you can do any analysis you need to create and manipulate your spatial database. For this exercise you will use a dataset that covers an area located in central Australia, You have already downloaded the data, now you need to tell ArcView where that data is located. Start ArcView and create a new project file. Save the project and name it as ''Pooncari.apr''. Now you are ready to begin filling your new project. Create a view (remember to set the properties correctly - map units are metres and distance units are kilometres), name it Pooncarie and add the themes contained in your GISDataPooncari data directory. Remember to add themes you can use the button, navigate to the data directory then double click on the names of each theme. To open multiple themes click on the theme names while holding down the shift key or double click on a particular theme name and repeat the process for other themes. When all themes are selected click the OK button. Learning to produce a well presented view is essential for cartographic output. To make a good view you need to: Organise the layers of coverages by dragging themes up and down. Generally you should place point and line coverages above polygon coverages. Adjust symbols and colours then link maps to an attribute field using the Legend editor by double clicking the themes name. Turn on or off particular themes by ticking (i.e. click left mouse button on the small box to the left of the theme name) the relevant theme. Setting up the View For this exercise you should set up your view to contain the following themes with the following colours and symbols. So go ahead, add the relevant themes and edit their legends so that they appear as described. GIS section of the online teaching materials http://geog.hkbu.edu.hk/virtuallabs/GIS/gis.htm Getting Started - Creating a Project http://geog.hkbu.edu.hk/virtuallabs/GIS/arcv_getstart.htm Things you need to know Before we get started it is important that you understand some terms which will be used frequently during this tutorial. Theme: A graphical layer containing a collection of geographic features and associated attribute information. Themes usually contain information for a single type of feature (rivers, roads, cities etc). Table: A data file that contains information about geographic features organised into rows and columns. Each column represents an attribute and each row a record. Tables are typically linked or joined to themes. View: A view is a collection of themes (geographic features), which when overlaid creates a composite map. Layout: A layout allows you specify the form of any map output that you create. They allow one to assemble views and arrange objects (legend, scale bar etc) in a visually pleasing way before output to a hard copy thematic map. Project: A project is an Arc View file which stores data (themes and tables) and user manipulated output (views, layouts etc). If you want some more information on a particular function feel free to access the online help; To find out what a button, tool or menu choice does simply move the cursor over it (but don''t select it). A short description will appear in the Arc View staus bar (found at the base of the main Arc View window) To get more information about a button, tool or menu choice click the button and then click the button, tool or menu choice you want to get help about. To get help about a dialog box press the F1 key on your keyboard when the dialog is displayed. To browse the contents of the Arc View help, select Help - Help Topics ... from the main menu. Lets begin The first thing you need to do is start the program. In the Windows NT Task bar click and select Programs - ESRI - ARCVIEW and then click on the version number which is displayed (generally this will be 3.0a). The program will open and display a screen like that in Figure i, with a small dialog window over the main Arc View GUI (graphical user interface). We want to begin a new project from the very begginning. Later you will add themes and tables. So for now select the button which will open your new project as a blank project then click OK. The small dialog window will disapear leaving only the large Arc View window. Create the project file by selecting from the menu bar File - Save Project As ... Save the file as ''tutorial.apr'' in your ''GISData'' directory. This file will store everything you create in this tutorial. If for some reason you have to leave the lab, and therefore stop the tutorial, make sure you save the file by either clicking the button or selecting File - Save Project from the menu bar. To restore (open) the project to resume your work, select File - Open Project ... from the menu bar and specify the project file you wish to open, in this case it should be ''tutorial.apr'' from your ''GISData'' directory. If you have saved the file correctly the small window within the main program window should now have in its title bar, the name you saved the project as (ie. tutorial.apr). This window is called the project window and controls the project areas (views, tables, layouts etc) which you work on in an Arc View session. Your project window should appear like that in figure ii. Create a View http://geog.hkbu.edu.hk/virtuallabs/GIS/arcv_view.htm In order to begin adding geographic features to your display you must first create an empty view. The view can then be filled with the themes which you will use to create your thematic map and do some basic query operations on. To create a new view, highlight the Views icon in the projec window if it is not already be highlighted. Click the New button, which lies directly above. A new empty view is created, which by default is named View 1. Notice that the amount of icons and menu items in the main window has greatly increased. These buttons are used to manipulate and analyse the data contained within the view. Since there is no data currently displayed in your view most of these functions are disabled. The view window can be moved and resized in the same as any other window. The gray area on the left of the window holds the contents, that is, the data which the view window contains. The white area is where selected themes are displayed. This view will eventually hold geographic data relating to the entire world. So we will rename the view to reflect this. Click in the project window to make it the active window (the title bar will turn blue). From the main menu bar select Project - Rename ''View 1''... a new dialog box will open in which you can type in a new name for the view. Rename the view, The World and click the OK button. The new view name is updated in the view window title bar. Your empty view should appear Setting the view properties In order to calculate the correct scale of the geographic features displayed in the view window, it is important to inform Arc View of the geographic coordinates (map units) in which the data files (themes) are stored. It is also useful to specify the distance units for the view. These are units in which Arc View will display measurements (distances and areas) while you work within the view. Since you will be working with data on a global scale it makes sense to use large measurement units such as miles or kilometres rather than small ones like metres and feet. Make the view window the active window by clicking in it (the title bar will turn blue) then select View - Properties ... from the main menu bar. The view properties dialog window will appear (figure ii.). In this window you can input the desired geographic coordinate information. The data (themes) we will use are stored in decimal degrees, so change the Map Units accordingly. Set the Distance Units to kilometers. In the text box labelled Creator, type in your name Using this dialog you can also specify the Projection information. For this tutorial we will just use the Arc View default geographic projection so don''t worry about changing any settings just yet. However, in the future you will no doubt need to set this information so remember that you can do it from the view properties window. You can also type in comments in the large text box at the bottom of the screen to help you remember what a certain view contains. This however, is purely optional. Once you have input the desired property settings click the OK button. Now move on to the next lesson to add some themes to your view. Make sure and save your project by clicking the button or by selecting File - Save Project from the main menu. It is important that you get used to periodically saving your project. That way if something goes wrong (power failure etc) you won''t loose the changes you made. Adding themes and data http://geog.hkbu.edu.hk/virtuallabs/GIS/arcv_themes.htm It is now time to add some themes to your empty view. To add a theme to a view, first make sure that your view window is active, then click the Add Theme button. The add theme dialog box now appears. Navigate to your ''GISData'' directory and select the ''world'' directory, which you should have downloaded and installed previously. If you haven''t go here to get information on obtaining this directory. In the left display field of the dialog window a list of Arc View shape files, which reside in the ''world'' directory, should now be displayed. To select a theme simply highlight it and click the OK button, or just double click it. To select multiple themes, hold down the SHIFT key, highlight the themes you wish and click the OK button. Open the file named ''cntry94.shp'', which is a polygon file containing the countries of the world as they existed in 1994. The shapefile should be added to your view (in the grey contents section of the view), as a theme. To display the theme, click on the check box located next to the theme name (in this case Cntry94.shp). A world map should now be displayed in the view window. Changing theme settings So that you dont''t get confused by various windows popping up in response to mouse clicks, select the icon from the menu bar. Rather than leaving the themes name as the shapefiles name, you should change it to something more meaningful, such as "World Countries ''94". To accomplish this, make sure the view window is active then select Theme - Properties... from the main menu bar. In the Theme Name text box type in the new theme name then click the OK button. The theme name in the view window should now change to the new name. The colour assigned to the theme by Arc View may not be what you would like. To change the color of a theme, double click on the theme name in the contents of the view window. This will bring up the Legend Editor dialog window. Double click on the colour you wish to change to bring up the Fill Palette dialog window. Click the icon then select a brown color. Once completed close the Color Pallete (press the button) and click the Apply button and then close ( button) the Legend Editor window Now we will add another theme to our view. This time add the shapefile ''cities.shp'', which is a point file representing some of the larger cities in the world, and display it. Rename the theme to "World Cities" and change the colour to green. Before closing the Color Pallete dialog click the button to bring up the Marker Palette. Change the size of the symbol to 4 and close the dialog. In the Legend Editor dialog click the Apply button and then close ( button) the dialog.ArcView places newly added themes at the top of the themes contents list. This may cause problems in the future as some themes may cover others completely when displayed. The order in that themes are organised can be changed simply by clicking and holding the left mouse button on the theme name, then dragging it to the new position. As an example move the World Countries ''94 theme above the World Cities theme in the contents list. Notice that most of the cities are now obscured. Now move the themes back to their original order so you can again see the cities Manipulate the View Display http://geog.hkbu.edu.hk/virtuallabs/GIS/arcv_display.htm Listed below are the buttons for manipulating your display window (view) and a brief description of what they do. The button zooms to the full spatial extent of all the themes in your view. So if you are curently zoomed in somewhere on your view, you can click this button to see the whole view again. The button zooms to the spatial extent of the active theme(s) in your view. The themes in a view often have different spatial extents. Some themes may represent features located throughout your view while others may represent features found only in a particular area. With this button you can zoom in on the area covered by a particular theme that interests you. Before you click this button, click the name of the theme in your views table of contents, thereby making the theme active. If you want to zoom in on an area covered by more than one theme, hold down the shift key and click on the theme names, before clicking this button. The button zooms in once on the center of the view. The button zooms out once frpm the center of the view. The button goes back to the previous spatial extent you were viewing. Click this button to go back to where you were before you zoomed or panned. You can use this option to retrace your last five steps. Listed below are the tools for manipulating your display window (view) and a brief description of what they do. When you select a tool and move the cursor over the view, the cursor changes shape to reflect the tool you selected. The tool remains selected until you choose a different one. The tool allows you to zoom in centered on a particular position on the view. Simply click the position you wish to zoom in on while this tool is selected. To zoom in to a particular area on the view, hold down the left mouse button and drag the mouse to create the zoom box. Once the box covers the area of interest release the mouse button. The tool works in the same way as the zoom in tool except that the the area you select, or point you click on, is zoomed out. The tool lets you pan the view by dragging the display in any direction with the mouse. To pan, click this tool, move the cursor anywhere over the view, hold down the left mouse button, and drag in any direction. Release the mouse button to leave the view in your desired position. When you do not wish to change the display or bring up any undesired dialog boxes (which may confuse you at the moment), make sure the pointer tool is selected. Play around with the buttons and tools described above. Before moving on to the next lesson zoom in on the South East Asian region of the world. Your view window should appear similar to that in Figure i. Once it appears like this, proceed to the next lesson. Examining Attribute Data http://geog.hkbu.edu.hk/virtuallabs/GIS/arcv_tables.htm The attributes of each theme (if they have any) are stored in tables. To view the attribute data attached to a particular theme first you need to make the theme you are interested in, the active theme. Remember that to do this you should click on the theme name in the views table of contents. When a theme is active, it appears highlighted (raised up) in the table of contents. By making the theme active you are telling arcview you want to work with the features in that theme. Make the world cities theme active then click the open table button. The resulting table shows all attributes attached to the world cities theme (ie. Name, country, population, capital). Close the table before proceeding. Once you have viewed a table, it can be accessed by clicking the Tables Icon in the project window. The name of the table will be displayed in the list. Bring up the table by double clicking on its name. If you bring up many tables your list will get quite full so it is important that you know how to remove unneccessary tables from the list. With the tables name highlighted select Project - Delete from the menu bar. A dialog will appear asking if you are sure you want to delete the file, for now select no as we will use this table later. To view the feature in the theme associated with the row in the attribute table, click on a row in the table and the corresponding feature highlights in yellow in the theme. Scroll down the table until you find the city of Adelaide, then click on its name. Notice that in your view window the cities colour changes from green to yellow to identify its location. If your not sure where Adelaide is located, click the zoom to selected features button . This button zooms to the spatial extent of the currently selected features in the active theme(s). After you have selected particular features in a theme, click this button to zoom in on the area covered by these features. Click the button to zoom to the previous extent you were using (SE-Asia Region) before proceeding. Conversely you can use the tool to select features within the active theme for which you want information. Click on the tool button then and either click on one feature in the displayed theme (view window) to select it, or click and drag to select a number of features. The features you selected will be highlighted in the attribute table in yellow. Use this tool to select all the cities in Australia at once. Notice that in your table (you will have to scroll through it) the attributes of all the cities selected are highlighted yellow. Close the table (attrbutes of world cities) before proceeding. A quick way to get attribute information on a particular feature is to use the identity tool. To use this tool make the theme you are interested in active, which in our case is still the world cities theme, and then click the identity button. Now position the cursor over the feature you are interested in and click the left mouse button. A window will open which displays the attribute information of the selected feature. Click on a number of citie locations to find out information about them. When you are finished close the table and proceed. If you want to identify a feature but you aren''t sure which theme it belongs to, make all the likely themes active before using the identity tool. To make more than one theme active, you hold down the SHIFT key and click on their names one by one in the views table of contents. Make both themes active and then click on a city location. The identify Results window will again open but this time it will contain two records, one for information about the selected city and the other for the country in which the city lies. Before proceeding zoom out to the views full extent and make sure that you have no open tables. Clear any tables which may be in your project tables list. Make sure and save your project by clicking the button or by selecting File - Save Project from the main menu. Now move on and find out how to make more complex queries Symolizing Data - building a map http://geog.hkbu.edu.hk/virtuallabs/GIS/arcv_map.htm You can communicate complex information more effectively using maps than with tables or lists, because maps take advantage of our natural abilities to distinguish and interpret colours, patterns and spatial relationships. Choosing how to represent your data on a map may well be your most important map-making decision. Symbolizing your data involves choosing the colors and symbols that will represent features. In this lesson you will build up a map of the Soth East Asian region, using symbols to show the relative populations of some of the major cities. Before you begin you should add a couple more themes to make your map a little more visually pleasing. You have already learnt how to add themes, if you have forgotton go back to refresh your memory, then return here and proceed with the lesson. Add the Rivers and World30 themes to your view and edit their properties to name them Rivers and Ocean, respectively. Display all of the new themes in your view by clicking the check boxes next to their names. Notice that the Oceans theme covers all others. You need to place this theme at the bottom of the pile of themes by clicking and holding the left mouse button on it, then dragging it under the other themes before releasing the mouse button. Now zoom in on the SE Asian region using the tool To control how each theme is drawn in a view, and therefore how your map appears, you use the Legend Editor. The Legend Editor lets you choose: If you want to classify the theme''s features, or display all the features with the same symbol. The attribute with which the theme''s features will be classified The method of classification The colour scheme for the classification The symbols used to display each class of features How each class of features will be described in your views table of contents. You can also use the legend Editor to change how themes are displayed by choosing the symbols you want to use: Fill symbols (for areas, eg. solid colour, diagonal lines, hatchures, outlines) Pen symbols (for lines, eg. solid, dashed, wide, narrow) Marker symbols (for points, eg. squares, diamonds, triangles) Colors (background, foreground, outline colors) You will use the Legend Editor to provide a unique color to the countries and to display the cities theme with the size of the city symbol representing that cities population. You can bring the legend editor window up in one of two ways. Either by clicking the button on the toolbar with the theme of interest selected, or by double-clicking on the theme in the Table of Contents of the View window. First you will display each of the countries with a unique colour so that they can be more easily discerned. Double click the World Countries ''94 theme to bring up the Legend Editor. From the Legend Type drop down menu select Unique Value. From the Values Field drop down menu select the Name attribute to be the one used to colour the countries. Now click the Apply button. You should notice that your view changes, it is now easier to distinguish between countries. Close the Legend Editor. Notice also that in your views table of contents the legend contains the names and associated colour of all the countries in the world. This takes up a lot of space and is of no real interest at the moment so you should temorarilly hide the legend. Select Theme - Hide/Show Legend from the main menu bar and the Legend will be removed from the display. While your doing this you can also hide the legends for the Ocean and Rivers themes. Next you will edit the World Cities theme to create a legend which shows the cities symbol size as proportional to its population. Double click the World Cities theme to bring up the Legend Editor. From the Legend Type drop down menu select Graduated Symbol. Now we want to base the symbol size on the population of each city so from the Classification Field drop down menu select the Population attribute to be the one used to set the symbol size. ArcView then calculates a new legend for you by classifying the population attributes of the World Cities theme into 5 classes. The classification scheme (the method used and number of classes derived) can be changed by clicking the classify ... button. For now you won''t bother but keep this in mind for later. You can, and will, input the values and legend labels interactively simply by clicking the mouse button in the relevent field and editing the text that appears there. Now go ahead and change the Value and Label fields The symbol you are using is a simple filled circle. It may be better to change this to make it easier to see differences between cities. Double click the symbol icon in the Symbol box located near the bottom left of the Legend Editor window. The Marker Palette window will appear. Double click on the symbol you wish to use and it will be reflected in the Legend Editor window immediatly. You can also change other characteristics of the symbol you are using by selecting one of the other icons Do as you wish then close the Marker Palette window, click the Apply button in the Legend Editor window, then finally close the Legend Editor Window. Your view should no be similar (although your symbology for the cities might differ) to that in Figure ii. You have created a simple map which expresses a cities population in the size of the symbol used to represent it. It may however also be useful to label some of the cities. In the next step you will be shown how to add labels to your view. ArcView has a tool which labels a feature (ie. polygon, line or point) with the first record in the attribute table. The attribute tables for the World Cities theme are logically ordered by city name. So we can use the label tool to label some of the cities displayed in your view. Highlight the World Cities theme, click the button and click on a city, at the position where you want the label to start. The city will be automatically labelled with its name (the first record in the attribute table). You can label as many cities as you like. Notice that when you add a label, it is framed by four handles. Labels can be moved by clicking the Pointer Tool and clicking once on the label you wish to move. Handles appear around the label to show that it is selected. Now adjust its position but don''t move it to far as you may end up labelling the neighbouring city with the wrong name. You may think that some of the labels are too big. By dragging on a lables handles with the Pointer tool you can also resize the label. When you are finished working with the labels, you can deselect any labels that are selected by clicking on the map with the Pointer tool, anywhere where there is no label. If you want to add text for any reason you can use the Text tool. Simply click the button then click in the view where you want the text to appear. A window will appear in which you can type in your text. Once you have typed the text click the OK button and it will appear on the view. As with other labels you can use the Pointer tool to move and resize the new label. Use this tool to add a label for the Pacific Ocean. Creating a Map Layout http://geog.hkbu.edu.hk/virtuallabs/GIS/arcv_layout.htm You have now set up your view as you desire (produced in the last lesson). Now you want to produce output with a title, scale bar, legend, north arrow and some descriptive text. All the elements you need to create a useful map. This is called creating a layout in Arciew. A layout allows you to assemble all the components you want to appear in a map, arrange them together to create the design you want. You can go about this in two ways. Either by using one of ArcViews built in templates or by designing the layout from the very begginning yourself. In this lesson you will use both methods. Using a Template Make sure your view is as you want it to appear in your map (should have been completed in the last lesson), then select View - Layout ... from the view menu. This will bring up the Template manager. This allows you to create map layouts automatically using previously saved layouts called templates. Click the landscape template and the OK button. ArcView automatically creates a layout that includes your map of SE Asia, a legend, a title, a north arrow and a scale bar. To navigating around the layout window use the same buttons and tools you would for the view window. By default, ArcView uses the view''s name as the title for the layout. As your map is no longer a world map, you should change the title. With the Pointer tool selected, double click the title. In the dialog that appears, delete the existing text and type a suitable title. Click OK and the title changes. Make your layout neater by moving and resizing with the Pointer Tool but don''t spend too much time doing this as you will shortly be deleting this layout and starting from scratch. Quite easy really. However, you are now going to make the layout from scratch so delete what you just made. However, remember how to do the above as it may be all you require for some tasks in the future. Select the Layouts icon (shown in Fig. i.) from the project window contents. Highlight the Layout name, if it is not already highlighted then select Project - Delete from the main menu bar. When prompted to confirm deletion, do so. Fig i. Layout icon from the project window Creating a Layout Although the above method is quick it does not provide much flexibility. For instance you may want a completely different format which shows more than one map. For this reason you must learn how to create a layout from scratch. You will create a new layout much like that you just deleted but with the addition of some descriptive text. Make the project window active and then select the Layout Icon (Fig i.). Click New and an empty layout appears on the screen. Before you do any work on the layout you have created you need to set up some properties, such as the paper size you intend to use. Select Layout - Page Setup from the main menu. From the page size list, choose the paper format to use, in this case A4. The paper units should automatically change to cm. It is also possible to specify the margins of your layout. Margins are displayed as blue lines around the edge of the layout, they are to be used as a guide and wont actually be printed. However, for the moment don''t worry about this. Now change the page orientation to landscape and click the OK button. It is also useful to set up the layout grid. By default, a layout is covered by a grid of dots, to which components are automatically snapped when you add them to the layout or move them around. The grid helps you line things (position) up. To change the grid spacing or to disable the snap to grid option (which means ArcView gives no help in alignment), select Layout - Properties from the main menu. Note that the grid will not appear in your output. Set the grid to 0.5 x 0.5 cm, leave the Snap to Grid option on (cheked) then click OK. You should have noticed the dots on the layout grid become closer together. All map components in a layout are displayed in a frame. The view frame is simply a container that holds a representation of a specific view in your project. You can place any number of view frames onto a layout, and you can move and resize these frames to create the look you want. You will be creating a layout with one view frame and its associated map components (title, scale, north arrow and legend). All map components can be accessed by clicking and holding the left mouse button on the Frame Tool in the tool bar. This will cause a dropdown palette (seen to the right) to be displayed, from which you can choose which component to add by selecting it and releasing the mouse button. Note that at the bottom of the ArcView window there is a short description of what each tool does. As you move the mouse over each tool the description is updated. Adding the Map View While the layout window is active, click on the Frame button and hold down the left mouse button to display the drop down menu bar. Drag the cursor (still holding down the mouse button) down one position to the View Frame tool and release the mouse button. Define the extent (size) of the map on the layout page by clicking, holding and dragging the mouse in the layout window. When you release the mouse button the View Frame Properties window comes up. In this window, select the view you wish to display in the frame, which in this case is The World. The map view that appears on the layout page is linked to the one that is showing in the chosen view. Changes you make in the view will be reflected automatically in the layout frame map view. BEFORE clicking the OK button you should be aware of how the other options control how the view appears in your layout. These are explained below: Live Link: Having this box checked means that changes you make to the view are immediatly reflected in the layout. By turning this option off (uncheck the box) you remove the link and the layout view captures the current view state. Changes you make to the view will no longer be reflected in the layout. Scale: By default, ArcView scales the contents of the view window automatically; that is, if you change the size of the view frame in the layout, the contents of the view frame will be scaled to fit inside the resized frame. If you want the contents of the view frame to be displayed at the same scale as the view, irrespective of the view frame size, you can choose Preserve View Scale from the Scale drop down list. You can also specify the scale directly by choosing UserSpecified Scale. Extent: By default, if the contents of the view frame are smaller than the view frame, ArcView will try to fill the view frame with data from the view. This may result in data appearing in the layout that is not currently visible in the current extent of your view. If you don''t want this to happen, set Extent to be Clip to View. Use Clip to View if you want to ensure that only those features currently visible in your view will be displayed in the layout. Display: By default, ArcView only displays the contents of the view frame in your layout when the layout is active. This saves time when you are working with a live-linked view that contains a large number of features, because ArcView won''t draw them in the layout each time you change your view. To override this, you can set Display to be Always. Quality: If your view frame contains a large number of features, you can always save time by setting Quality to Draft instead of Presentation. in this way, the contents of the view frame will not be fully drawn either on screen or when you print the layout. When you''ve finalized your layout, you can then set the Quality back to Presentation prior to your final print out. For now only change the Extent option to be Clip to View, then click OK to proceed. Use the Pointer tool to move and resize the view frame once it appears on the layout. If you would like to add a border to the map view click the button. Adding Other Map Components To add a north arrow, select the north arrow icon from the drop down tools bar (fourth in list). Choose an arrow from the resulting box. Use the Pointer tool to move and resize the arrow once it appears on the layout. To add a title to your map, click on the Insert Text Tool . In the resulting window type in a suitable title. To change text attributes select the text using the Pointer tool and then choose Window - Show Symbol Window. In the resulting dialog box, click on the Font button and make changes using the Font Palette. Next you will insert a scale bar. A scale bar on a layout shows the scale of the contents of the view frame it is associated with. If the scale of the view frame''s content changes, its associated scale bar will change automatically too. Click the Scale bar frame tool from the drop down tools bar (third in list). Use the mouse to define where you want the scale bar to be placed. The scale bar properties dialog appears. Choose the name of the view frame already in the layout, that you want the scale bar to be associated with (in this case The World) and choose the other properties of the scale bar (ie. style, units etc). Click OK to finish. Use the Pointer tool to move and resize the scale bar after it appears on the layout. Note that, if you want to edit any of the components on your layout, simply double click on that component. The properties will the be displayed in a dialog window. You can then make any changes. The final component to complete your map is the legend. Like the scale bar, the legend is associated with one of the view frames on the layout. Again, if the view properties change the legend will be updated. Click the Legend Frame tool from the drop down tools bar (second in list). Use the mouse to position where the legend will be placed. In the dialog that appears select the name of the view frame to associate with (in this case The World) and click OK. Use the Pointer tool to move and resize the legend after it appears on the layout Finally, use the Text tool to add some descriptive information about the map and also your name. All the neccessary componets of a map should now be in your layout. Use the Pointer tool to select, move and resize any of the layout components to make it look good. Your layout should contain all those that appear in Figure iii., although it will not neccessarilly look the same. Output http://geog.hkbu.edu.hk/virtuallabs/GIS/arcv_output.htm Once you have set up the view or layout, you will no doubt want to output it for use in hardcopy maps or in image file formats for inclusion in reports. Views, Layouts, charts and for that many any graphics created in ArcView can be output by using the options under File in the main menu. Generally however, you will be outputting layouts. For this the last lesson you are required to complete two tasks using the layout you created in the previous lesson; Create a hardcopy (print out) Create a Windows BMP image file. Use the instructions below to complete the assigned tasks. Printing Select File - Print ... from the main menu. In the dialog that appears, specify the print options you wish to use. Exporting to Other Formats You can export a layout to a graphics file so that you can manipulate it in another graphics program, incorporate it into a report or presentation you are creating with a different application, or send it to a commercial printer. Supported export formats include EPS, Adobe Illustrator, CGM, BMP and WMF. Other formats may also be added so to check the formats currently supported, search ArcView''s online help index for exporting a layout. Select File - Export ... from the main menu. In the dialog that appears, choose the file format you wish to export to and specify the name and location of the file that will be created. You can specify the output resolution of this file by pressing the Options button in the Export dialog window. NOTE: To create a PostScript (.ps) file from a layout, use the Print option not the Export option form under the File menu. Applying actions to layers in ArcMap http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.2/index.cfm?TopicName=Applying_actions_to_layers_in_ArcMap On the layer level, you can build and apply actions to highlight or suppress the display of temporal data or create a filter for further action processing, given certain parameters. Use the Actions tab in the Layer Properties dialog box to access the Query Builder. Actions can be applied to real-time data as it streams in, as well as to fixed-time data. Once you have saved a temporal layer as a layer file, its action settings are read-only. How To Query Data Using The Query Builder On the layer level, you can build and apply actions to highlight or suppress the display of temporal data or create a filter for further action processing, given certain parameters. Use the Actions tab in the Layer Properties dialog box to access the Query Builder. Actions can be applied to real-time data as it streams in, as well as to fixed-time data. Once you have saved a temporal layer as a layer file, its action settings are read-only. There are many ways to narrow down a search or refine the dataset. One way to do this is to use the Query Builder in ArcMap. With the Query Builder, one can select features that meet refining criteria. Single Criteria Search: Within the map document, select Select By Attributes, under the Selection menu Select Layer to query Select Method of selection -> create a new selection, for example Double click on the field to query, it will be added in the box below in double quotes Single click on an operator (ie. =, >, and) Double click on unique value, or type it, in single quotes Once the query is built, click on the Apply button at the bottom, then click on Close When the Attribute table is open, the results can be viewed as part of the entire dataset, or just the selected set can be viewed. When looking for specific information, the Select By Attribute box can be used with modifiers. An example follows which can be used to select multiple land use codes at one time: "LandUse1" IN ( ''10'', ''30'', ''50'', ''70'', ''80'', ''90'' ) This query will return all those parcels with the land use codes on 10, 30, 50, 70, 80 or 90. You can take it a step further and select a parcel size greater than 5 acres with the following string: "LandUse1" IN ( ''10'', ''30'', ''50'', ''70'', ''80'', ''90'' ) AND "Acres" >= 5 If you are looking for a particluar owner, but don''t know the exact name in the Assessor''s database, you can do a search with a part of the name. The query would look like this: "Owner" LIKE ''EVE%'' A list of all names starting with EVE would be returned, and viewed under Selected records. The % sign is a wildcard, and can be used to search for names that contain the letters preceeding the sign. Symbolizing data in a layer http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.2/index.cfm?TopicName=Map_Layers Table of Context http://faculty.unlv.edu/jensen/CEE_468/cee468s08.html Adding and deliting files http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.2/index.cfm?TopicName=Adding_and_deleting_fields Cartography and Classification http://www.sonoma.edu/users/c/clamatth/geog387/labs/lab4.html Outline Purpose Import existing GIS data into a geodatabase Download water use statistics from National Atlas Relate water use statistics to the county feature class Symbolize the counties with total water use Create a map with different classification schemes Create a map of annual ground water use per hectare Conclusion To turn in Georeferencing http://lawr.ucdavis.edu/classes/ers105/labs/lab5/lab5_1/lab5.1.html Starting ArcMap http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.2/index.cfm?TopicName=Starting_ArcMap Starting and stopping an edit session http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.2/index.cfm?TopicName=Starting_and_stopping_an_edit_session About starting and stopping an edit session Editing occurs in an edit session. During an edit session, you can create or modify vector features or tabular attribute information. When you want to edit, you need to start an edit session, which you end when you''re done. Edits are temporary until you choose to save and apply them permanently to your data. How to start and stop an edit session Starting an edit session Start ArcMap and add the Editor toolbar. If your map contains editable data from more than one geodatabase or folder, choose the collection that you want to edit. Otherwise, skip to step 3. Click the Editor menu and click Start Editing. The Editor toolbar is now active. Saving your edits in the middle of an edit session Click the Editor menu. Click Save Edits. Stopping an edit session Click the Editor menu and click Stop Editing. Click Yes to save changes. Click No to quit without saving. Making field calculations http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.2/index.cfm?TopicName=Making_field_calculations About making field calculations Entering values with the keyboard is not the only way you can edit values in a table. In some cases, you might want to perform a mathematical calculation to set a field value for a single record or even all records. The ArcMap field calculator lets you perform simple as well as advanced calculations on all or selected records. In addition, you can calculate area, length, perimeter, and other geometric properties on fields in attribute tables. Making simple field calculations Start an edit session. You can make calculations without being in an editing session; however, in that case, there is no way to undo the results. Right-click the layer or table you want to edit and open its table. Right-click the field heading for which you want to make a calculation and click Field Calculator. Use the Fields list and Functions to build a calculation expression. You can also edit the expression in the text area. You can also type a value to set to the field. Optionally, if you have selected records in the table, choose whether to apply the calculations to all records or just the selected ones. Click OK. Calculating area, length, and other geometric properties Start an edit session. You can make calculations without being in an editing session; however, in that case, there is no way to undo the results. Right-click the layer and click Open Attribute Table. You can only perform geometric calculations on attribute tables. Right-click the field heading for which you want to make a calculation and click Calculate Geometry. Click the geometric property you want to calculate. Different properties are available depending on the type of layer you''re using. Click to use either the coordinate system of the data source or the coordinate system of the data frame. Click the units of the output calculations. Optionally, if you have selected records in the table, choose whether to apply the calculations to all records or just the selected ones. Click OK. Joining attribute data to boundary data for mapping purposes in ArcGIS http://www2.geog.soton.ac.uk/geo-refer/go2_523_c15p00000000sarc.html Add Field of Table http://people.revoledu.com/kardi/tutorial/GIS/AddField.htm Adding and deleting fields in shapefiles http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.2/index.cfm?TopicName=Adding_and_deleting_fields_in_shapefiles Joining tables http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.2/index.cfm?TopicName=Joining_tables About joining tables Joining data is typically used to append the fields of one table to those of another through an attribute or field common to both tables. You can choose to define the join based either on attributes, a predefined geodatabase relationship class, or by location (also referred to as a spatial join). You will only see join by relationship class listed if you are joining geodatabase data for which a relationship class has already been defined in the geodatabase. Several tables or layers can be joined to a single table or layer and relationship class joins can be mixed with attribute joins. When a join table is removed, all data from tables that were joined after it are also removed, but data from previously joined tables remain. Symbology or labeling that is based on an appended column is returned to a default state when the join is removed. In most cases, appended columns are named "TableName.FieldName". This naming convention helps prevent duplicate field names when the target table and a join table have common field names. Field aliases set in ArcMap prior to a join are ignored but can be reset after the join. This is useful if the field names prove to be too long for some of the field lists in ArcMap. Field aliases set in the geodatabase prior to the join are used to define the field aliases for the joined columns Summarizing your data before joining it Depending on how your data is organized, you may have to start by summarizing the data in your table before you join it to a layer. When you summarize a table, ArcMap creates a new table containing summary statistics derived from your table. You can create various summary statistics including count, average, sum, minimum, and maximum. For example, suppose you want to create weather maps by state instead of county, but the weather information you have is organized by county. You could summarize the county data by state�for instance, finding the average rainfall for all counties within a state�then join the newly created output table to a state layer to create a weather map of rainfall by state Editing and joining tables When you start an edit session and have joined data, columns from the target table can be edited, but you can''t directly edit the data in the appended columns. If you add a field, it is added to the target table or layer and has no effect on the join tables. Appended columns can be referenced when calculating values in the columns of the target table, however. To edit the joined data, you must first add the joined tables or layers to ArcMap. You can then perform edits on this data separately. These changes will be reflected in the joined columns. Performance tips for joining data Data from appended fields can be used to symbolize and label features, perform queries and many other operations. Accessing the joined data will be slower than accessing data from the target table because of the additional work needed to maintain the join. The following tips can be used when working with joined data to improve performance: You can perform a join with either the Join Data dialog box accessed by right-clicking a layer in ArcMap or a set of geoprocessing tools. Use the join geoprocessing tools when working with particularly large datasets to get the best performance. You can also include these tools in geoprocessing models and scripts when you want to automate repetitive or complex steps involving joins. As these tools perform the actual behind-the-scenes join processing slightly differently than the Join Data dialog box, use the tools if you encounter any unexpected issues with the join functionality in that dialog box. The geoprocessing tools are: Analysis Tools > Overlay > Spatial Join tool Data Management Tools > Joins > Add Join tool Data Management Tools > Joins > Remove Join tool Create attribute indexes on the join fields. If your joins involve only shapefiles, dBASE files, or coverages or INFO files, indexing will not improve performance when drawing or working with the table window. Performance will be improved while editing, however. In all other cases, attribute indexes will improve overall performance. When joining data from the same geodatabase, you should click the Advanced button and choose "Keep only matching records". In some cases, this option will produce different results, but allows the join to be processed by the database. You will find that this is normally faster for operations that require accessing the data in the joined columns (such as symbolizing, labeling, and so on). The default "Keep All Records" option always performs processing on the client. Performance is normally good for operations that don''t require accessing joined data (such as drawing with default symbolization). An operation may become much slower, though, if accessing joined data is needed. Cross database joins, where the target table and the join table are from different data sources, may have poorer performance. This is especially the case where the join table is from a geodatabase or an OLE DB connection. Performance is much better when the join table is from a file based data source (such as, shapefiles, dBASE files, and coverages) and the target table has an ObjectID field (most data sources). Joining multiple tables or layers to a single layer can be costly in terms of performance. If all of the data is from the same ArcSDE server and you chose "Keep only matching records" when joining, performance should not be greatly affected. Reasons joining tables may fail After performing a join, the values in the fields from the joined table might appear empty or Null. Null values can be the result of several factors: Values in the specified fields for the join do not match. Joins are case sensitive, so be aware when using string fields to create a join. For example, ''NEW YORK'' will not join with ''New York''. To convert string values to the proper case, see the task in Making field calculations. The name of the table or feature class, or field names in the table or feature class, include spaces or special characters. Special characters include hyphens such as in x-coord and y-coord, parentheses, brackets, symbols such as $, %, and #, and so on. Essentially, eliminate anything that is not alphanumeric or an underscore, but avoid starting field names with a number or an underscore. Be sure to edit the field names in delimited text files or other tables to remove unsupported characters before trying to use the files in ArcGIS. Geodatabase feature class, table, and field names can be up to 64 characters. (More specifically, you can only enter up to 52 characters for a personal geodatabase feature class name because the system appends characters to total 64.) Shapefiles and .dbf field names can be up to 10 characters long. For INFO tables, use up to 16 letters or numbers. See Adding and deleting fields for more field naming guidelines. The field names in the table are Microsoft Access reserved words. Some examples include date, day, month, table, text, user, when, where, year, and zone. For a list of reserved words, see the following Microsoft support article. The table is stored in a Microsoft Access database that is not a personal geodatabase. You should access Microsoft Access tables in ArcGIS through an OLE DB connection, rather than attempt to add the database directly to ArcMap. See Working with Microsoft Access files in ArcGIS to learn how to add an OLE DB connection. How to join tables Joining attributes in one table to another Right-click the layer or table you want to join, point to Joins and Relates, and click Join. Click the first drop-down arrow and click Join attributes from a table. Click the second drop-down arrow and click the field name in the layer on which the join will be based. Click the third drop-down arrow to choose the table to join to the layer. If the table is not currently part of the map, click the Browse button to search for it on disk. Click the fourth drop-down arrow and click the field in the table on which to base the join. Click OK. The attributes of the table are appended to the layer''s attribute table. Tips If you want to permanently save joined data with your geographic features, export the data to a new feature class, right-click the layer in the table of contents, point to Data, and click Export data. When editing joined data, you cannot edit the joined columns directly. However, you can directly edit the columns of the origin table. To edit the joined data, you must first add the joined tables or layers to ArcMap. You can then perform edits on this data separately. These changes will be reflected in the joined columns. Managing joined tables Right-click a layer or table in the table of contents and click Properties. Click the Joins & Relates tab. All the joins for the layer or table are listed on the left side of the dialog box. You can add new joins or remove existing ones. Removing a joined table Right-click the layer containing a join you want to remove and point to Joins and Relates. Point to Remove Join(s) and click the join you want to remove. Working with Microsoft Access files in ArcGIS http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.2/index.cfm?TopicName=Working_with_Microsoft_Access_files_in_ArcGIS About working with Microsoft Access files in ArcGIS You can use tables from a Microsoft Access database in ArcMap through an OLE DB connection. OLE DB is a standard for sharing data between applications, enabling you to view the Access database in ArcMap. To maintain data integrity, you should only modify an Access database in Access. Similarly, you should only edit a personal geodatabase in ArcGIS. Although a personal geodatabase is stored as an Access .mdb, you should not open or modify the tables in a personal geodatabase inside Microsoft Access. This can corrupt the geodatabase and cause data loss. The limitation of Microsoft Access as an application to edit personal geodatabases is that Access was not designed to use or understand the ESRI functionality behind the personal geodatabase format. For example: The Access database format does not support geographic features. Personal geodatabases contain hidden information that Access ignores. Personal geodatabases contain multiple underlying tables that provide information for a single feature class. When editing a feature class in ArcGIS, ArcGIS keeps track of changes in all the underlying tables. Editing the geodatabase in Access may cause those tables to become out of sync and corrupt the geodatabase. To learn more about OLE DB connections, see Adding OLE DB connections. How to work with Microsoft Access files in ArcGIS Formatting a table in Microsoft Access for use in ArcGIS Make sure your field names are properly formatted. You should follow these general best practices for field naming, particularly if you want to join an Access table to another table in ArcMap: Field names must start with a letter. Field names must contain only letters, numbers, and underscores. Field names must not exceed 64 characters. If you import a table into a database in Access, follow these guidelines when using the wizard: The fields do not need to be indexed. If the table does not have a field with unique values, allow Access to add a primary key. Name the table with only letters, numbers, or underscores and begin it with a letter. Connecting to a Microsoft Access database in ArcGIS In ArcCatalog, double-click the Database Connections folder. Double-click Add OLE DB Connections. Click the Provider tab. Click Microsoft Jet 4.0 OLE DB Provider. Click Next. On the Connection tab, specify the database or browse to it in section one. If the database has a password, enter that information in section two. Click Test Connection to verify that you can connect to the database. Click OK if the connection test was successful. Type a new name for the connection and press Enter. To use the Access table, browse to the table through the OLE DB connection and add it to ArcMap. Access tables, like other tables without associated features, only show up on the Source tab of the ArcMap table of contents. About joining and relating tables http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.2/index.cfm?TopicName=About_joining_and_relating_tables Most database design guidelines promote organizing your database into multiple tables�each focused on a specific topic�instead of one large table containing all the necessary fields. Having multiple tables prevents duplicating information in the database because you store the information only once in one table. When you need information that isn''t in the current table, you can link the two tables together. For example, you might obtain data from other departments in your organization, purchase commercially available data, or download data from the Internet. If this information is stored in a table, such as a dBASE, INFO, or geodatabase table, you can associate it with your geographic features and display the data on your map. ArcMap provides two methods to associate data stored in tables with geographic features: joins and relates. When you join two tables, you append the attributes from one onto the other based on a field common to both. Relating tables defines a relationship between two tables�also based on a common field�but doesn''t append the attributes of one to the other; instead, you can access the related data when necessary. Joining the attributes from a table Typically, you''ll join a table of data to a layer based on the value of a field that can be found in both tables. The name of the field does not have to be the same, but the data type has to be the same; you join numbers to numbers, strings to strings, and so on. Suppose you obtain daily weather forecasts by county and generate weather maps based on this information. As long as the weather data is stored in a table in your database and shares a common field with your layer, you can join it to your geographic features and use any of the additional fields to symbolize, label, query, or analyze the layer''s features. Summarizing data in a table http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.2/index.cfm?TopicName=Summarizing_data_in_a_table Spatial Join (Analysis) http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.2/index.cfm?TopicName=Spatial_Join_%28Analysis%29 Joining the attributes of features by location http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.2/index.cfm?TopicName=Joining%20the%20attributes%20of%20features%20by%20location Often, what''s most interesting about a map is not the individual layers, but the relationships between the features in those layers. For example, suppose you wanted to tell customers where they can find the nearest branch office of your business, or you want to compare different wildlife species with information about the habitats they live in. These types of queries can be answered with a spatial join. A spatial join joins the attributes of two layers based on the location of the features in the layers. Like joining two tables by matching attribute values in a field, a spatial join appends the attributes of one layer to another. You can then use the additional information to query your data in new ways. While you can also select features in one layer based on their location relative to another layer, a spatial join provides a more permanent association between the two layers because it creates a new layer containing both sets of attributes. Learn more about joining and relating tables Add Join (Data Management) http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.2/index.cfm?TopicName=Add_Join_%28Data_Management%29 Remove Join (Data Management) http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.2/index.cfm?TopicName=Remove_Join_%28Data_Management%29 Layer files http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.2/index.cfm?TopicName=Working%20with%20layers%20and%20table%20views Layers A layer is an in-memory file that references data stored on disk. It is the same as any layer created when you add data to the display of ArcMap. The "Make Layer" tools�for example, Make Raster Layer�create a layer from the input data. This layer is temporarily stored in memory; it is not saved on disk and only remains available within the current session. If the session is closed, the layer is deleted. Layers created in ArcCatalog cannot be used in ArcMap, and vice versa. ArcCatalog does not display created layers, but they can be used as inputs to other geoprocessing tools in the session in which you are working. One of the main reasons for making and using layers is performing attribute or locational selections. By making a layer in memory first, you can perform selections on the layer without affecting the original data source. If desired, you can save a layer to a layer file (.lyr) using the Save to Layer File tool. Table views Table views are the table equivalent of a layer. They are tables stored in memory and are the same as the table view created when a table is added to ArcMap. The Make Table View tool creates a table in memory. ArcCatalog does not display these tables, but they can be used as inputs to other geoprocessing tools in the session in which you are working. Once you exit the application, the tables in memory are removed. Type "table" in the Search tab of the ArcToolbox window to locate tools that accept table views as input or output Make Table View (Data Management) http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.2/index.cfm?TopicName=make_table_view_%28data_management%29 Introduction to ArcGIS http://web.mit.edu/gis/www/introarcgis/ Adding and deleting fields in shapefiles http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.2/index.cfm?TopicName=Adding_and_deleting_fields_in_shapefiles GIS Tutorial http://people.revoledu.com/kardi/tutorial/GIS/AddField.htm Attribute Date in GIS http://www.neiu.edu/~ejhowens/391/attribute.htm As in a thematic map, GIS requires both spatial data and attribute data: information attached to each object in a layer. Within the program the attributes most often are in spreadsheet format. This week we will look closely at the attribute data and the way they are used, stored, accessed and manipulated in GIS. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Copy the attribute layer from the P: drive to your computer (c:temp) before you begin Start ArcMap and open the states layer To view the table in ArcMap, right click on the layer name in the Table of Contents and "Open Attribute Table." Each row represents an object -- in this case, a state. Each column is a variable (all 1990 data from the census bureau) Clicking on the left button selects the state, which will appear selected in the map view. Control Key will allow you to select many. All records or selected records can be shown -- select the button at the bottom of the screen Clicking on the column name will select that column. Right-clicking will allow the following: sorting, ascending or descending summary statistics (min/max/avg/sum/st.dev/variance) for selected variables summary summary of values in one field for all records for each value in another field for example, one might total the congregation (an attribute called #people) in synagogs, temples, and churches separately (these are three values of a point attribute called "building4worship"), for selected places of worship -- say, within the borders of Chicago. calculate values this will allow overwriting a column with a formula which refers to other columns or itself. Freeze/unfreeze column Delete Field To add a field to the attribute table, use Options, Add Field. Fields are added and deleted outside an edit session. To add a record or delete one, or change an attribute value by typing, you must start an edit session (use the edit toolbox icon from the toolbar). To change the width of the displayed column, move the border between two column names. Hide a field by dragging one edge of the column title button to the other edge. Bring it back by double clicking. Move fields by highlighting and dragging them. Rename field from the table of contents (Properties menu) ***When editing or adding polygons or lines, ArcMap doesn''t easily calculate area or length. There are instructions how to do so on the ESRI page. To export to a .dbf file (readable in most database programs) use Options, Export. Then simply open or import this file into your database. Create charts from your attribute table with Options, Charts. The on-screen instructions are spare, so experiment with the settings. To "connect" data from another database (e.g., an excel file) to the map and attribute table in the GIS you need a linking field -- a field with an identifying number or text string that matches the record from one database to a record from the other. There are two ways to do this in ArcGIS. In these instructions "target" is the existing spatial layer, "source" is the non-spatial database. Joining Joining "appends" the new data into the attribute table -- best when there is a one-to-one correspondence between target and source Until it''s exported, however, it is only a soft link to the source data -- after exporting the new fields are actually a part of the layer. HOW TO: In ArcMap, open the table as if it were another layer. Then right-click on the target spatial layer in the Table of Contents, and choose Joins & Relates. Select Join. Identify the two layers and their common field, and hit join. Check the attribute table now to see if the join worked. The new data should be appended to the right. Joining attribute data by location This tool moves attribute data from one layer to another For example zoning data (area) may be moved to scattered real estate points Or, average sale price of home (points) may become part of a neighborhood map''s (area) attribute table be careful with this -- ALL the data of the source layer are transferred over to the target area, but in a new joined layer. Relating Relating is quite a bit more complicated. It''s appropriate when one record in a target spatial layer has many matches in the nonspatial table For example, if you have a database of beats (crime areas) and a non spatial table of all crimes, with beat number noted for each. HOW TO: Open the table in ArcMap as you did with join Right click the spatial layer''s name and choose Joins & Relates. Select Relate. Identify the databases and linking fields, as before, and then Relate. The tables are related You will not see a change in the attribute table of the spatial layer, but If you choose one or several objects from that layer, look under Options in the Attribute table, select the related table, you will see the non-spatial table with the related fields highlighted. You can analyze this as you do normal attribute tables in ArcGIS. You can also take this analysis the other way. In the Related (non-spatial) database, select by attribute (find this option under "Options" in the attribute table view. following the example above, you might select all homicides in the non-spatial table, and then display all beats in which at least one homicide occurred. ASSIGNMENT: You will be downloading some year 2000 data from the census bureau site, linking it to the state.shp layer, and then computing the percent change in a variable of your choice, with which you will make a choroplethic map. Download the data file for Illinois from the Census Bureau''s American Fact Finder (this is the quick table window: Select States All States Next Choose your table Add, Show results Print/Download Download and Excel File It''ll come in zipped, unzip it. Open the file in excel, rename the descriptive columns with SHORT descriptors normally you would certainly want to keep the coded variable name, but it''s not necessary for this exercise delete the other title rows so you have ONE title row above the block of data Identify the linking field (in this case, for expedience, try state name) Highlight the title row and data block and save it as a Database III .dbf file. Open the .dbf file in excel or in ArcGIS to see that it worked. Open the attribute table of the ArcGIS State layer Correct the spelling of state name: New Hampshire Prepare to join the two IF you have matching fields (Unique fields, or linking fields), identify the files to join, and the matching fields. Join the two and open the joined attribute table the join is weak at this point -- the two .dbf files are separate. Data, Export, to "hardwire" the attraibute table. Find the data from the year 1990 and the year 2000 that match. For example, Hispanics in 1990 and in 2000. In ArcGIS, add a new field and in it, calculate percentage change. The formula is ((Hispanic2000 - Hispanic1990)/Hispanic1990)*100 Rename that field to "Percent Change 90-00 Hispanic," or something that describes your new field. Map it, using one of the cartographic techniques available. Mind your cartographic skills! Consider combining this with another theme. For example, choroplethically: Hispanic Percent Change --1990 - 2000" with scattered dot "Hispanic" 1 dot =1,000 Publish your map with thorough annotation. I want to know that you know what you have done. Here''s an excellent example, and another. Adding Fields http://www.esri.com/news/arcuser/1002/files/table_2.pdf Adding and deleting fields http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.2/index.cfm?TopicName=Adding_and_deleting_fields In ArcGIS, how do I add an area or perimeter field to a shapefile or feature class? http://kb.iu.edu/data/ancz.html Typically, polygon feature classes in ArcGIS already have a length and area field defined. However, if you do not see this information reported in the attribute table, you can add a new field to an existing polygon feature class or shapefile. The instructions below show you how to create a new field containing values for each feature''s area, perimeter, or x and y coordinate of centroid: Verify that the data layer has a coordinate system. In ArcMap, right-click the data layer and select Layer Properties, and then choose the Source tab. If the coordinate system is undefined, you will need to project the data before continuing. Open the layer''s attribute table. Right-click the data layer and select Open Attribute Table. In the attribute table, click Options and select Add field. ArcGIS allows you to add a new field only if you are not in an editing session. Name the new field, specifying the field type as either float or double, according to your needs. A new field is added with null values for each feature. Begin an editing session for this feature class. Using the Editor toolbar, select Start Editing. If you do not see the Editor toolbar, select View from the main menu of ArcMap, and then select Toolbars, then Editor. In the attribute table, right-click the new field heading (the name of the field at the top of the table), and select Calculate Geometry. In the Calculate Geometry window, select the type of calculation: Area, Perimeter, x coordinate of centroid, or y coordinate of centroid. Choose the coordinate system and units. Click OK. The new field will be populated with the calculation for each feature. To preserve values in the new field, save the editing session. You can also calculate area values for a polygon feature class by using the Calculate Areas tool in ArcToolbox. Under "Spatial Statistics Tools", select Utilities and then Calculate Areas. This tool will create a new polygon feature class with an "Area" field and feature values. Make sure to save the new feature class within a geodatabase. For more detailed information on this topic, search the ArcGIS Desktop Help. From the Index, search using the term calculate areas. To display details, select the first listed item, Calculate Areas (Spatial Statistics). Introduction to GIS using ArcGIS http://www.dur.ac.uk/resources/its/info/guides/37GIS.pdf Constructing and Sharing Maps !!! all your abolity in GIS http://ats.amherst.edu/software/gis/gis-constructing-maps/ Topics Procedures Getting the Tutorial Data Beginning with ArcMap Map Layer Attribute Tables Labeling Map Layers Coloring Map Layers Using Multiple Layers Searching for Features in a Map Sharing Maps Procedures Getting the Tutorial Data Beginning with ArcMap Map Layer Attribute Tables Labeling Map Layers Coloring Map Layers Using Multiple Layers Searching for Features in a Map Sharing Maps Initializing ArcMap Adding Data to ArcMap Saving A Map Document Storing Relative Pathnames in a Map Document Viewing A Map Layer''s Attribute Table Sorting Attribute Table Records Labeling A Map Layer Symbolizing a Point Layer Using Proportional Symbols Exporting a Layer to Google Earth GIS / Basic Mapping http://courses.washington.edu/udpddp/exercises/tu31.shtml How Do You Calculate the Distance Between Points? http://www.urban-research.info/ur/GIS%20Skill%20Builder-distance1.shtml How To Query Data Using The Query Builder http://gis.napa.ca.gov/support/SQL_Query_help.asp There are many ways to narrow down a search or refine the dataset. One way to do this is to use the Query Builder in ArcMap. With the Query Builder, one can select features that meet refining criteria. Single Criteria Search: Within the map document, select Select By Attributes, under the Selection menu Select Layer to query Select Method of selection -> create a new selection, for example Double click on the field to query, it will be added in the box below in double quotes Single click on an operator (ie. =, >, and) Double click on unique value, or type it, in single quotes Once the query is built, click on the Apply button at the bottom, then click on Close To view the selected set, under Selection menu, select Zoom to Selected Features When the Attribute table is open, the results can be viewed as part of the entire dataset, or just the selected set can be viewed (see table gisgrahp2) Multiple Criteria Search When looking for specific information, the Select By Attribute box can be used with modifiers. An example follows which can be used to select multiple land use codes at one time: "LandUse1" IN ( ''10'', ''30'', ''50'', ''70'', ''80'', ''90'' ) This query will return all those parcels with the land use codes on 10, 30, 50, 70, 80 or 90. You can take it a step further and select a parcel size greater than 5 acres with the following string: "LandUse1" IN ( ''10'', ''30'', ''50'', ''70'', ''80'', ''90'' ) AND "Acres" >= 5 If you are looking for a particluar owner, but don''t know the exact name in the Assessor''s database, you can do a search with a part of the name. The query would look like this: "Owner" LIKE ''EVE%'' A list of all names starting with EVE would be returned, and viewed under Selected records. The % sign is a wildcard, and can be used to search for names that contain the letters preceeding the sign. ENVIRONMENTAL GIS: GRG 360G http://www.utexas.edu/depts/grg/hudson/grg360g/EGIS/labs_04/Lab5/Lab5_grg360_spr05.htm National Hydrography Dataset and Networks in ArcGIS http://www.crwr.utexas.edu/gis/gishydro04/Introduction/Exercises/Ex5.htm Setting layer properties http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.2/index.cfm?TopicName=Setting_layer_properties About layer properties You control all aspects of a layer through the layer''s properties. Some of the properties you can define include How to draw the layer What data source the layer is based on Whether to label the layer Attribute field properties The Layer Properties dialog box will be different for different types of geographic data. For example, defining the symbology of a vector data source will be different from a raster dataset. If you have write permission for the data, you can change the layer�s properties such as its symbology. With a group layer, some properties apply to the whole group, but you can also edit the properties of each of its layers individually. Layer properties and functionalities Display effects: The Display tab controls how your data is displayed as you move in the view. Options include making a layer transparent, adding MapTips and hyperlinks, and restoring excluded features. Selection symbol: The Selection tab allows you to set how features in a specific layer will look when they are selected. Selection property changes in a specific layer override the default Selection Options settings. Symbology: This tab offers methods for representing your data. Options include drawing features in one symbol, proportional symbols, categories, quantities, color ramps, or charts. Field display properties: The Fields tab provides characteristics about attribute fields. You can also create aliases, format numbers, or make fields invisible. Definition Query: This tab allows you to display a subset of your data that meets some criteria without altering the data. With the Query Builder, you can create an expression to display particular features of a layer. Joins and Relates: This tab allows you to join (include within ArcMap) or relate (associate) data to the layer''s attribute table. You can also remove joins or relates. Labeling: The Labels tab allows you to turn on a layer�s labels; build label expressions; manage label classes; and set up the labeling options, which include label placement and symbology. Table: A table includes descriptive information that is stored in rows and columns in a database and can be linked to map features. Each row represents an individual entity, record, or feature, and each column represents a single field or attribute value. Select interactively: This function allows you to make selections using the Select Features tool. Extent definition: This appears on the Source tab and shows the bounding extent of your data along with its source and coordinate system. Level and Symbol: These tabs, specific to coverage, PC ARC/INFO, Spatial Database Engine (SDE) 3.x, and vector product format (VPF) annotation, allow you to adjust annotation display properties. Annotation for these formats, however, is read-only. CAD Drawing Layers: This tab, which is specific to CAD data, allows you to specify which CAD drawing layers are visible. CAD Transformations: This tab is specific to CAD layers. It allows you to transform a CAD layer so it matches your coordinate system. Topology rules and errors: These functions are specific to topology layers. The Feature Classes tab lists the feature classes in the topology and their ranks. The Rules tab shows and describes which topology rules are imposed on your data. The Errors tab allows you to generate a summary of the errors found in the participating feature classes. How to set and display layer properties Right-click the layer in the table of contents and click Properties. Click the tab containing the properties you want to adjust. Click OK when you are finished. GIS Mapping http://www.demap.com.au/gis_mapping.php What is GIS? http://www.monroecounty.gov/gis-What_is_GIS.php OpenJUMP Visual Query (GIS) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J1vh6kCcIBM Query Lenguages for GIS http://www.spatial.maine.edu/~max/NCGIA90-12.pdf GIS Query Application Tools http://www.co.adams.co.us/gis/gisdocumentation/GIS_Query_App/Application_Overview.htm GIS Query Application http://www.co.adams.co.us/gis/gisdocumentation/GIS_Query_App/GIS_Query_Application.htm Lab 9: Raster Spatial Analysis http://www.sonoma.edu/users/c/clamatth/geog387/labs/lab9.html Lab 8: Vector Spatial Analysis http://www.sonoma.edu/users/c/clamatth/geog387/labs/lab8.html Lab 7: Metadata http://www.sonoma.edu/users/c/clamatth/geog387/labs/lab7.html Lab 6: Georeferencing and Digitization http://www.sonoma.edu/users/c/clamatth/geog387/labs/lab6.html Lab 5: Data Model Transformations http://www.sonoma.edu/users/c/clamatth/geog387/labs/lab5.html Lab 4: Cartography and Classification http://www.sonoma.edu/users/c/clamatth/geog387/labs/lab4.html Lab 3: Working with Attribute Data http://www.sonoma.edu/users/c/clamatth/geog387/labs/lab3.html Lab 2: Map Projections http://www.sonoma.edu/users/c/clamatth/geog387/labs/lab2.html Lab 1: Exploring ArcGIS http://www.sonoma.edu/users/c/clamatth/geog387/labs/lab1.html Lab 10: Exploring the World with Google Earth http://www.sonoma.edu/users/c/clamatth/geog387/labs/lab10.html Geocoding http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geocoding Geocoding is the process of finding associated geographic coordinates (often expressed as latitude and longitude) from other geographic data, such as street addresses, or zip codes (postal codes). With geographic coordinates the features can be mapped and entered into Geographic Information Systems, or the coordinates can be embedded into media such as digital photographs via geotagging. Reverse geocoding is the opposite: finding an associated textual location such as a street address, from geographic coordinates. A geocoder is a piece of software or a (web) service that helps in this process Design a great map layout http://landtrustgis.org/technology/advanced/design Geocoding tutorial!!! http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.2/pdf/Geocoding_in_ArcGIS_Tutorial.pdf From Non-Spatial Data to Spatial Data. Geocoding and georeference!!! DOC] From Non-Spatial Data to Spatial DataFile Format: Microsoft Word - View as HTML In the first �Create New Address Locator� Dialog Window, Select ''US Streets With Zone.'' ... Once the Geocoding process has finished, you will be presented with the ... certain geoprocessing tasks in ArcGIS because they do not have geometry. .... Before creating the spreadsheet, these corner coordinates should be ... www.library.yale.edu/.../03-Geocoding%20&%20Georeferencing%20in%20ArcGIS.doc [PDF] Geocoding Address Data Using ArcGIS 9File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat - View as HTML When you create an address locator, the address fields in the reference data that ... Select New > Address Locator. ➢ Find and select the US Streets with Zone and ... data. In some cases you may need to change or complete this process ... www.mannlib.cornell.edu/files/documents/GIS2_geocode_addresses.pdf http://74.125.155.132/search?q=cache:aSs38A5hefwJ:www.library.yale.edu/MapColl/files/docs/03-Geocoding%2520%26%2520Georeferencing%2520in%2520ArcGIS.doc+Why+do+you+need+to+create+a+%E2%80%9CNew+Address+Locator%E2%80%9D+before+starting+a+Geocoding+process&cd=2&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us [DOC] Geodetic Science 634 - Digital Mapping SystemsFile Format: Microsoft Word Jan 15, 2009 ... The first thing you''ll do is to create an address locator based on your ... in the Catalog tree, double-click Create New Address Locator. .... When the geocoding process is finished, the Review/Rematch ... But if you create a route in a preexisting feature dataset, you need only set the m domain. ... shoreline.eng.ohio-state.edu/ron/teaching/634/2009/.../gs634lab2_2009.doc "create a �New Address Locator� before starting a Geocoding process" Geocoding address data "create a �New Address Locator� before starting a Geocoding process" http://74.125.155.132/search?q=cache:YkLZqjYC6koJ:www.mannlib.cornell.edu/files/documents/GIS2_geocode_addresses.pdf+Why+do+you+need+to+create+a+%E2%80%9CNew+Address+Locator%E2%80%9D+before+starting+a+Geocoding+process&cd=4&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us Geocoding. User Guide!!! http://www.davisdemographics.com/assets/Geocoding_in_ArcGIS9.pdf Adding route events http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.2/index.cfm?TopicName=Adding_route_events A route location describes a portion of a route or a single location along a route. When route locations are stored in tables, they are known as route event tables. Route event tables are typically organized around a common theme. For example, an event table for highways might include speed limits, year of resurfacing, present condition, and accidents. There are two types of route events: point and line. Point events occur at precise locations along a route. Line events describe a portion of a route. Linear Referencing http://co.humboldt.ca.us/planning/maps/ncug/presentations/LinearReferencing.pdf Route locations and route events http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.1/index.cfm?TopicName=Route%20locations%20and%20route%20events A route location describes a discrete location along a route (point) or a portion of a route (line). A point route location uses only a single measure value to describe a discrete location along a route. An example of a point route location is "mile 3.2 on I-91." A line route location uses both a from- and to-measure value to describe a portion of a route. "Mile 2 to mile 4 on I-91" is an example of a linear route location. When route locations and their associated attributes are stored in a table, they are known as route events or simply events. Events are organized into tables based on a common theme. For example, five event tables containing information on speed limits, year of resurfacing, present condition, signs, and accidents can reference highway routes. Route event tables Because there are two types of route locations, there are two types of route event tables: point and line. A route event table, at a minimum, consists of two fields: a route identifier and a measure location. The route identifier field is a numeric or character value used to identify the route to which an event belongs. A measure location is either one or two fields that describe the positions along the route at which the event occurs. These values can be defined as any numeric item. Learn more about the route identifier field An event table can be any type of table that ArcGIS supports. This includes INFO, dBASE, geodatabase tables, delimited text files, and database management system (DBMS) tables accessed via an Object Linking and Embedding database (OLE DB) connection. Learn more about supported data types Setting layer properties http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.2/index.cfm?TopicName=Setting_layer_properties About layer properties You control all aspects of a layer through the layer''s properties. Some of the properties you can define include How to draw the layer What data source the layer is based on Whether to label the layer Attribute field properties The Layer Properties dialog box will be different for different types of geographic data. For example, defining the symbology of a vector data source will be different from a raster dataset. If you have write permission for the data, you can change the layer�s properties such as its symbology. With a group layer, some properties apply to the whole group, but you can also edit the properties of each of its layers individually. Layer properties and functionalities Display effects: The Display tab controls how your data is displayed as you move in the view. Options include making a layer transparent, adding MapTips and hyperlinks, and restoring excluded features. Selection symbol: The Selection tab allows you to set how features in a specific layer will look when they are selected. Selection property changes in a specific layer override the default Selection Options settings. Symbology: This tab offers methods for representing your data. Options include drawing features in one symbol, proportional symbols, categories, quantities, color ramps, or charts. Field display properties: The Fields tab provides characteristics about attribute fields. You can also create aliases, format numbers, or make fields invisible. Definition Query: This tab allows you to display a subset of your data that meets some criteria without altering the data. With the Query Builder, you can create an expression to display particular features of a layer. Joins and Relates: This tab allows you to join (include within ArcMap) or relate (associate) data to the layer''s attribute table. You can also remove joins or relates. Labeling: The Labels tab allows you to turn on a layer�s labels; build label expressions; manage label classes; and set up the labeling options, which include label placement and symbology. Table: A table includes descriptive information that is stored in rows and columns in a database and can be linked to map features. Each row represents an individual entity, record, or feature, and each column represents a single field or attribute value. Select interactively: This function allows you to make selections using the Select Features tool. Extent definition: This appears on the Source tab and shows the bounding extent of your data along with its source and coordinate system. Level and Symbol: These tabs, specific to coverage, PC ARC/INFO, Spatial Database Engine (SDE) 3.x, and vector product format (VPF) annotation, allow you to adjust annotation display properties. Annotation for these formats, however, is read-only. CAD Drawing Layers: This tab, which is specific to CAD data, allows you to specify which CAD drawing layers are visible. CAD Transformations: This tab is specific to CAD layers. It allows you to transform a CAD layer so it matches your coordinate system. Topology rules and errors: These functions are specific to topology layers. The Feature Classes tab lists the feature classes in the topology and their ranks. The Rules tab shows and describes which topology rules are imposed on your data. The Errors tab allows you to generate a summary of the errors found in the participating feature classes. How to set and display layer properties Right-click the layer in the table of contents and click Properties. Click the tab containing the properties you want to adjust. Click OK when you are finished. Adding hyperlinks to features http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.2/index.cfm?TopicName=Adding_hyperlinks_to_features About hyperlinks You can access documents or Web pages related to features using the Hyperlink tool on the Tools toolbar. Hyperlinks let you provide additional information about the features to people who will be using your maps with ArcMap. Hyperlinks have to be defined before you use the Hyperlink tool, and they can be one of three types: Document: When you click a feature with the Hyperlink tool, a document or file is launched using the application with which that file type is currently associated. Uniform resource locator (URL): When you click a feature with the Hyperlink tool, a Web page is launched in the default Web browser. Macro: When you click a feature with the Hyperlink tool, a value is sent to a macro. This option lets you create customized hyperlink behavior. You can define a hyperlink for the features in a layer using Field-based hyperlinks Dynamic hyperlinks Field-based hyperlinks With this type of hyperlink, the target document, URL, or macro value that will be launched is specified for each feature in a field in the layer''s attribute table. The values of the field that you choose to provide document or URL hyperlinks can include the full path to the target document or the full URL of the target Web page. Alternatively, the value may just contain the name of the target document or Web page and you can use the Hyperlink Base property to specify the path or URL where the target can be found. The Hyperlink Base property is specified using Document Properties in the File menu. Using this property makes it easier to manage hyperlinks; if the location of the targets changes, you can simply edit this setting instead of having to edit each value of the field providing the hyperlink targets. If you want to turn off the / that is automatically added to URL hyperlinks and the added to document hyperlinks after the hyperlink base, you can change a setting in the ArcMap Advanced Settings Utility, which is located in your ArcGIS installation directory in the Utilities folder. Dynamic hyperlinks With this method, the target document or URL is specified for a particular feature in the Add Hyperlink dialog box. (Dynamic hyperlinks don''t support macro values as targets.) This lets you specify hyperlinks directly without having to use a field to supply the targets. The Add Hyperlink dialog box lets you specify either a file or a URL target. The names of targets you specify in this way are stored with the layer in your map. They are also stored with the layer if you save the layer to a file. You can define any number of dynamic hyperlinks for a feature. If more than one hyperlink is defined for a feature, when the feature is clicked with the Hyperlink tool, a dialog box will appear from which the desired hyperlink can be selected. The Hyperlink Base setting has no effect on dynamic hyperlinks. Adding the editing toolbars http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.2/index.cfm?TopicName=Adding_the_editing_toolbars Editor toolbar http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.2/index.cfm?TopicName=Editor_toolbar Adding the editing toolbars http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.1/index.cfm?TopicName=Adding%20the%20editing%20toolbars Adding the editing toolbars http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.2/index.cfm?TopicName=Adding_the_editing_toolbars Getting started with ArcMap GPS Support http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.3/index.cfm?TopicName=Getting_started_with_ArcMap_GPS_Support The global positioning system (GPS) is a set of satellites and ground stations. A GPS device calculates its location using signals received from the satellites. Funded and supported by the United States government, GPS has widespread use for both military and civilian applications. An overview of ArcMap GPS Support ArcMap GPS Support takes as input a feed from a GPS receiver and displays the current location on the screen. You can also store locations from the GPS receiver in a log for archival or real-time digitizing purposes (see Writing GPS locations to a log). You can answer the question �Where am I?� by accessing ArcMap GPS Support through the GPS toolbar in ArcMap (see Adding the GPS toolbar) or by writing a custom application using ArcObjects. The location is displayed as a user-defined marker symbol. You can have the angle of the marker symbol reflect the direction of motion (bearing), the size based upon the current speed of travel, and the color based upon the altitude. Previous locations can be displayed as a trail of markers or as a line that you can also customize. The trail of previous positions can reflect changes in bearing, speed, and altitude. See Changing the display options for more information. You can keep the location visible on the screen by panning as needed or have the display pan automatically (see Keeping the current location in the view). For applications like in-car navigation and routing systems, you can snap the location to specified features such as a street centerline. You can store locations to a log file either in streaming mode (at a specified rate or distance apart) or one at a time. When a log file is specified, you have the option of choosing which columns are added to the output feature class. An overview of ArcPad http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.3/index.cfm?TopicName=An_overview_of_ArcPad ArcPad is a mapping tool for working with your geographic information system (GIS) data in the field. The ArcPad extension for ArcMap lets you extract data from a geodatabase to use in the field with ArcPad. With the ArcPad toolbar in ArcMap, you can use the Get Data For ArcPad wizard to extract data and maps onto a mobile device for use with ArcPad. The wizard also lets you check out layers from a geodatabase so that you can edit them in the field. With Check In Edits From ArcPad, you can update your geodatabase with the changes you made using ArcPad. Learn more about the ArcPad toolbar. Learn more about the Get Data For ArcPad wizard. Using ArcPad ArcPad software is mobile mapping and GIS technology. ArcPad provides database access, mapping, GIS, and global positioning system (GPS) integration to users out in the field by handheld and mobile devices. Data collection with ArcPad is fast, easy, and significantly improved with immediate data validation and availability. With ArcPad, you can Use your existing data�ArcPad supports industry-standard vector and raster image display. Add data from the Internet�Data can be provided from the Internet by wireless technology. Move around your map�ArcPad includes a number of map navigation tools including zoom and pan, spatial bookmarks, and center on the current GPS position. Query your data�Identify features, display hyperlinks, and locate features. Measure distance, area, and bearings on your ArcPad map. Navigate with your GPS�Connect a GPS and let ArcPad guide you. Edit your data�Create and edit spatial data using input from the mouse pointer, pen, or GPS. Include ArcPad in your GIS solution�extract, convert, and project your existing data using ArcGIS Desktop. An overview of Tablet PC technology http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.3/index.cfm?TopicName=An_overview_of_Tablet_PC_technology Tablet PCs are mobile PCs with a screen that you can write on and interact with using a pen. The features available on a Tablet PC allow you to Control your Tablet PC and Windows using a digital pen. Create and save handwritten documents (text and drawings). Convert your handwritten notes into typed text for use in other applications. Annotate documents imported from other applications. Dictate text or control your computer using your voice. As a Tablet PC user, you can operate your computer by using a digital pen in addition to traditional input methods such as a keyboard or mouse. The pen can also be used for the same functions as a mouse including navigating user interfaces, selecting tools from menu bars, moving and resizing objects, and activating programs. As with physical pens, you can select the color and thickness of the digital ink and use emphasis tools such as bolding and highlighting. Tablet PCs also include support for gestures and pen flicks. By making a gesture or pen flick on the screen with the pen, you can execute many different commands, quickly navigate, or perform shortcuts. Gestures can be used for a variety of common actions or commands and can be invoked by making a movement with the pen or an ink mark on the Tablet PC screen. Tablet PCs run the Windows XP Tablet PC Edition or Windows Vista operating system. Some functionality that had been previously available only to Tablet PCs in Windows XP has been built into Windows Vista and can be used on other types of computers. For example, pen-driven computing and handwriting recognition can be enabled on any machine running Windows Vista through the use of an external pen pad attachment. For more on Tablet PCs, mobility, and Windows functionality, see Microsoft Windows Home Page. Focusing a data frame http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.3/index.cfm?TopicName=Focusing_a_data_frame About working with data frame contents in layout view Note: This topic was updated for 9.3.1. In layout view, you normally work with layout graphics and text, so when you switch to layout view, the ArcMap graphic tools initially apply only to these text elements. For example, if you use the Select Elements tool in layout view, by default it will only select layout graphics and text. Graphics and text stored in the data frame or in a geodatabase annotation feature class won''t be selected. In addition, if you add new text or graphics in layout view, they will be added to the layout by default. However, you can add focus to your data frame to allow you to work inside the data frame. Focusing allows you to work as if you were in data view without having to switch from layout view. Focusing a data frame In layout view, focusing the active data frame allows you to work with the features and elements in that data frame as though you were in data view. You can create, delete, and edit features, graphics, and text in a focused data frame. When working in layout view with an unfocused data frame, text and graphics that you draw are added to the page layout, stored in the units of the page, and won''t appear if you switch to data view. With a focused data frame, you can make additions and modifications to your map in the context of your map layout. For example, suppose you''ve used the Text tool to identify an ocean in data view but in layout view you see that the text is too close to the edge of the data frame. To correct this, you can simply put the data frame into focus and move the piece of text while you''re still in layout view rather than switching between views. When a data frame is in focus, a thick, diagonal line border will appear around it Transactions and geographic data http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.3/index.cfm?TopicName=Transactions_and_geographic_data What is a transaction? A transaction is an application-defined unit of work performed against a database. A transaction starts, modifications are made against the database, and the transaction is committed or rolled back. Once the transaction is committed, the changes made by the transaction become visible to other users and applications. Transactions have the following standard "ACID" properties on which users and applications have come to rely: Atomic�A transaction exhibits "all or nothing" behavior. If it is committed, all its changes apply to the database. If it is rolled back, none of its changes apply. Consistent�A transaction leaves the database in a consistent state. Isolation�A transaction can isolate its changes from other transactions until it commits them. Other users do not see the work internal to the transaction while it is in progress. Durable�Once a transaction commits, its results are persistent. To achieve these properties, DBMSs use a variety of locking mechanisms to ensure that multiple concurrent transactions are shielded or isolated from each other. Transactions and geographic data In most applications, each transaction involves a small number of operations that can be completed in a fraction of a second or in a minute or two at the most. Withdrawing money from a bank account, updating hours worked in a payroll application, and entering a medical record are all examples. In some respects, geographic data is no different. Updating data such as a customer address or the zoning designation of a parcel is an operation that could be completed in a short transaction taking one or two minutes. Often, though, you need to spend one or two hours graphically moving, modifying, and adding data to complete a work order. There are also cases where you need to work on a transaction for days or even months to complete all the edits such as for an engineering design. Even though you may make a very large number of changes, you still want to commit them as a single long transaction. Understanding versioning http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.3/index.cfm?TopicName=Understanding_versioning Versioning allows multiple users to edit the same data in an ArcSDE geodatabase without applying locks or duplicating data. A version can represent an engineering design, a construction job, or any other type of transaction. The basic concepts of versions are as follows: What a version is A version represents a snapshot in time of the entire geodatabase. It contains all the datasets in the geodatabase. A version isolates user''s work across multiple edit sessions, allowing the user to edit without locking features in the production version or immediately impacting other users. A geodatabase can have many versions. Below is the Version Manager dialog box accessed through ArcMap or ArcCatalog. It shows the DEFAULT version and three other versions: a quality assurance version (QA) and project versions ProjectA and ProjectB. Creating new feature classes for your geometric network(ArcInfo and ArcEditor only) Geometric networks Geometric networks also store various mechanisms and behaviors that maintain the topological connectivity between their component features. Geometric networks consist of edge network features and junction network features. An example of an edge feature is a water main, and a junction feature might be a valve. Edges must be connected to other edges through junctions. Geometric network connectivity rules constrain the type of network features that may be connected to one another and the number of features of any particular type that can be connected to features of another type. By establishing these rules along with other rules, such as attribute domains, you can maintain the integrity of the network data in the database. At any time, you can selectively validate features in the database and generate reports as to which features in the network are invalid�that is, are violating one of the connectivity or other rules. Edit operations that involve adding, deleting, and moving geometric network features can all affect the connectivity of a geometric network. Connectivity between network features is maintained on the fly as you create, delete, and modify network features. For example, when a network edge or junction is moved, the network features to which it is connected respond by stretching and adjusting themselves to maintain connectivity. You can use the geometric network editing tools to modify, rebuild, and verify connectivity. What is a geometric network? http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.3/index.cfm?TopicName=What_is_a_geometric_network%3F Geometric networks offer a way to model common networks and infrastructures found in the real world. Water distribution, electrical lines, gas pipelines, telephone services, and water flow in a stream are all examples of resource flows that can be modeled and analyzed using a geometric network. A geometric network is a set of connected edges and junctions along with connectivity rules that are used to represent and model the behavior of a common network infrastructure in the real world. Geodatabase feature classes are used as the data sources to define the geometric network. You define the roles that various features will play in the geometric network and rules for how resources flow through the geometric network. An overview of topology in ArcGIS http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.3/index.cfm?TopicName=An_overview_of_topology_in_ArcGIS If you have features that are coincident (i.e., share the same location of coordinates, boundaries, or nodes), chances are that using a geodatabase topology can help you better manage your geographic data. Most users care deeply about the spatial integrity of their feature data, and geodatabase topologies help you to better manage your data integrity. Using a topology provides a strong mechanism to perform integrity checks on your data and will help you to validate and maintain better feature representations in your geodatabase. Also, many users like to use topologies for modeling numerous spatial relationships between features. These enable support for a variety of analytic operations (e.g., to find adjacent features, to work with coincident boundaries between features, and to navigate along connected features). Topologies enable richer analytic functions in your GIS. Topological relationships Topology is the arrangement for how point, line, and polygon features share geometry. Topology is employed in order to Constrain how features share geometry. For example, adjacent polygons such as parcels have shared edges, street centerlines and census blocks share geometry, adjacent soil polygons share edges, etc. Define and enforce data integrity rules (e.g., no gaps should exist between polygons, there should be no overlapping features, and so on). Support topological relationship queries and navigation (e.g., to navigate feature adjacency and connectivity). Support sophisticated editing tools (tools that enforce the topological constraints of the data model). Construct features from unstructured geometry (e.g., to construct polygons from lines). The following topics cover key concepts and ArcGIS support for topology. They also cover a number of common workflows for building and using topologies in ArcGIS. See Topology basics and Topology in ArcGIS for conceptual information Editing with default values and attribute domains http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.3/index.cfm?TopicName=Editing_with_default_values_and_attribute_domains Default values, attribute domains, and subtypes help you maintain realistic values for the attributes of the features in your geodatabase. When you create a new feature, default values associated with the feature are populated automatically. Then, when you''re editing, you can use subtypes and domains to ensure you enter valid attribute values. Default values, subtypes, and domains are available only for geodatabase data. For example, in a water network database, you may have a feature class that stores water transmission mains. Transmission mains have rules that state that their valid pressure range is between 40 and 100 psi. Another rule states that water transmission mains can have a diameter of 10, 24, or 30 inches, as shown by the DIAMETER drop-down list in the graphic below. These are examples of a range domain and a coded value domain, respectively. Editing relationships and related objects(ArcInfo and ArcEditor only) http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.3/index.cfm?TopicName=Editing_relationships_and_related_objects The tasks presented here are all examples of editing relationships between water laterals and hydrants. The rules of this relationship class state that a hydrant lateral must have a hydrant related to it and that hydrants cannot be related to other lateral types. The relationship between the laterals and the hydrants is simple, and messaging is not on. The relationship is simple because a junction shouldn''t be participating in a composite relationship with an edge if they''re in the same geometric network. For additional information on editing relationships in your geodatabase, see About editing relationships and related objects. To learn about relationships and geodatabases, see Relationships and ArcGIS. Feature-linked annotation in the geodatabase uses composite relationships. To learn more about editing feature-linked annotation, see Editing feature-linked annotation. Creating a simple relationship class(ArcInfo and ArcEditor only) http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.3/index.cfm?TopicName=Creating_a_simple_relationship_class Editing attributes!!! http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.3/index.cfm?TopicName=Editing_attributes How to edit attributes Editing attributes in the Attributes dialog box Click the Editor menu and click Start Editing. Click the Edit tool on the Editor toolbar. Select the features whose attributes you want to edit. Click the Attributes button on the Editor toolbar. Click the feature on the left side of the dialog box. The layer''s attribute properties appear on the right side of the dialog box, and the feature flashes on the map. Click in the Value column on the right side and type the attribute value. Press Enter. Click the Close button to close the dialog box. Editing values in a table http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.3/index.cfm?TopicName=Editing_values_in_a_table How to edit values in tables Editing text in records Click Editor on the Editor toolbar and click Start Editing. Open the table. Click the cell containing the attribute value you want to change. Type the values and press Enter. The table is updated. Adding new records Click Editor on the Editor toolbar and click Start Editing. Open the table. Click the Move to end of table button . Click a cell in the last empty record and type a new value. A new record is added at the bottom of the table. Making field calculations http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.3/index.cfm?TopicName=Making_field_calculations About updating data using SQL http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.3/index.cfm?TopicName=About_updating_data_using_SQL Using the snapping environment http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.3/index.cfm?TopicName=Using_the_snapping_environment The snapping environment can help establish exact locations in relation to other features. Suppose you''re creating a new segment of an electric line that begins from an existing transformer; you want to ensure that the vertex of the line connects precisely to the transformer. The snapping environment makes this type of task accurate and easy. The snapping environment can also be used to move a feature to a precise location in relation to another feature. For example, you can move a parcel and have one of its corners jump, or snap, precisely to a corner of another parcel. Simply move the parcel''s selection anchor to its corner vertex after setting the appropriate snapping properties. Then move the parcel toward its new location until the selection anchor snaps to the corner vertex of the other parcel. Setting the snapping environment involves setting a snapping tolerance, snapping properties, and a snapping priority. The snapping tolerance is set on the General tab of the Editing Options dialog box (Editor menu > Options), while snapping properties and priority are set on the Snapping Environment dialog box (Editor menu > Snapping). Shortcut keys for editing in ArcMap http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.3/index.cfm?TopicName=Shortcut_keys_for_editing_in_ArcMap Quick ways to navigate maps and pages http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.3/index.cfm?TopicName=Quick_ways_to_navigate_maps_and_pages About setting distance units http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.3/index.cfm?TopicName=About_setting_distance_units Working with the map cache http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.3/index.cfm?TopicName=Working_with_the_map_cache If you''re working with data stored in a geodatabase or from an ArcIMS feature service, building the map cache can often speed up common ArcMap tasks. The map cache allows you to temporarily store the features in the current map display in ArcMap to your local machine''s memory. Because retrieving the features from local memory is a fast operation, using the map cache will often result in performance improvements Opening magnifier, viewer, and overview windows http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.3/index.cfm?TopicName=Opening_magnifier%2C_viewer%2C_and_overview_windows About magnifier, viewer, and overview windows ArcMap provides three additional ways to explore the spatial data on your map: through a magnifier window, a viewer window, and an overview window. When you don''t want to adjust your map display, yet you want to see more detail, retain a particular view of an area, or get an overview of an area, open another window. All these windows operate only in data view; you can''t use them in layout view. You can also open more than one of these windows at the same time. Magnifier window The magnifier window works like a magnifying glass: as you pass the window over the data, you see a magnified view of the location under the window. Moving the window does not affect the current map display. What does a magnifier window look like? Viewer window A viewer window behaves like an independent view onto the map, and you can use any of the ArcMap interactive tools inside the window. For example, you can zoom and pan to a different part of the map to compare it with what is shown in the main ArcMap window. You can also identify and select features, perform editing, and so on. When you right-click the window, you''ll get a menu of useful shortcuts. You can also use the toolbar at the top of the window to navigate your map. What does a viewer window look like? You can easily switch a magnifier window into a viewer window, and vice versa, by clicking the arrow button on the toolbar at the top of the window. You can also use this menu to set properties and synchronize the viewer window''s display with the location and spatial extent shown in the main ArcMap window. A viewer window can be used to work with inactive data frames side by side with the active data frame shown in the main ArcMap window. This is especially useful if you are using the ArcGIS Schematics extension, because it lets you work with geographic features and schematic diagrams representing these features together on screen. It can also be useful for analysis if you want to compare different datasets for the same area or view data representing different time periods. You can right-click inside the viewer window to access additional commands such as Zoom To Selected Features. If you are using dual monitors, you can put a viewer window showing an inactive data frame onto your second monitor to maximize your display area. The functionality provided in a viewer window showing an inactive data frame is restricted, though. The main limitation is that you can''t perform editing of features or graphics. If you hover the mouse pointer over a viewer window showing an inactive data frame with a tool that is not supported, the cursor will change to show you that it is not supported. Overview window The overview window shows you the full extent of the data. A box in the overview window represents the currently displayed area on the map. You can move this box to pan the map and shrink or enlarge it to zoom in or out. You can set options for an overview window by right-clicking its title bar and clicking Properties. For example, you can choose the box''s fill symbol and the window''s background color. In addition, you can choose which layer is shown in the overview window. By default, the layer at the bottom of the ArcMap table of contents is the one drawn in the overview window and is used to set the extent of the overview window. You can modify the reference layer''s properties from the Overview Properties dialog box; any changes you make here are also applied in the map and vice versa. What does an overview window look like? How to open a magnifier, viewer, and overview window Opening a magnifier window Click the Window menu and click Magnifier. You must be viewing the map in data view to display a magnifier window. Drag the magnifier window over the data. Click the list or type a value in the box at the top of the window to change the percentage of magnification. Click the arrow button to switch to a viewer window, flash or pan to the location, or set additional properties The GIS Maps workspace - Using Map layers http://earth.esa.int/EOLIResources/Manual/html/ChapGisMapsWorkSpace.html Creating a new shape file in ArcGIS http://soa.utexas.edu/crp/gis/arcgis_tips/new_shape_file.html Data Vizualization!!! [PPT] GIS-Data SourcesFile Format: Microsoft Powerpoint - View as HTML Feature Shape. Row. Field. Table Properties. Table properties can be viewed using Layer properties/Fields. Primary properties are: Primary field name; Type ... https://ceprofs.civil.tamu.edu/.../GIS.../ArcGISMaterials/.../ArcMap.ppt - Similar