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METEOROLOGY - Aerosols Air Albedo Climate Conduction Convection Diffused light Environmental lapse rate Equinox (spring or autumnal) Greenhouse effect Heat Inclination of the axis Infrared Isotherm Mesosphere Radiation or electromagnetic radiation Reflection Rotation Scattering Solstice (summer or winter) Stratosphere Temperature Thermosphere Tropic of cancer Tropic of Capricorn Troposphere Ultraviolet Visible light Weather Ozone problem Revolution – the movement in its orbit Blizzard –metel Exceptional winter rain in California Ozone depletion Dust storm Ozone distribution Pressure changes Mount kerkeslin Jasper national park Thermal structure of the atmosphere Tropopause Stratopause Mesopause Mechanisms of heat transfer – conduction, convection, radiation The hotter the radiating body, the shorter the wavelength of maximum radiation Objects that are good absorbers of radiation are good emitters as well Gases are selective absorbs and radiators Reflection and scattering (rasseivanie), diffused light Absorption Global warming Electrical thermometer- thermistor Absolute nstability/stability Adiabatic temperature change Advection fog Calorie Cirrus Cloud Clouds of vertical development Condensation Condensation nuclei Condensation instability Convergence Cumulus Deposition Dew-point temperature Dry adiabatic rate Evaporation Freezing rain Frontal fog Frontal wedging Glaze Hail High clouds Humidity Hydrometer Hydroscopic nuclei Latent heat Localized convective lifting Low clouds Middle clouds Mixing ratio Orographic lifting Parcel Precipitation fog Radiation fog Rain Rainshadow desert Relative humidity Rime Saturation Sleet Snow Stable air Steam fog Stratussublimationunstable air Upslope fog Vapor pressurewet adiabatic rate Downpour (liven’) Moisture and cloud formation Ice, liquid water, and water vapor Latent heat of melting, freezinglatent heat of fusion Evaporation and condensation Latent heat of vaporization Latent heat of condensation Sublimation and deposition White frost Hoar frost Vapor pressure Fog and dew versus cloud formation Adiabatic temperature changes Adiabatic cooling and condensation Dry adiabatic rate Wet adiabatic rate Processes that lift air Orographic lifting Frontal wedging Convergence Localized convective lifting Takla makan Absolute instability Conditional instability Types of clouds Cirrocumulus Cirrostratus Cirrus Altocumulus Altjstratus Numbostrarus Stratus Stratocumulus Cumulus fair weather Cumulonimbus Fogs caused by cooling Advection fog Radiation fog Upslope fog Advection fog into san Francisco bay Evaporation fogs Steam fog Frontal or precipitation fog Precipitation Ice crystal process Collision-coalescence process Forms of precipitation Rain and drizzle Snow Sleet –inei, and glaze – naled’, freezing rain, hail – grad, rime Measuring precipitation Measuring snowfall Air pressure Measuring air pressure Barometer Mercury barometer Aneroid barometer Aneroid barograph Solar radiation Pressure-gradient force Isobars Coriolis effect The geostrophic wind Friction with earth surface Surface wind – effect of friction Ceclonic and anticyclonic wind General circulation of the atmosphere Circulation on a nonrotating earth Convection system Equatorial low Subtropical high Trade winds Polar easterlies Subpolar low Polar front Polar high Doldrums Hadley cell Influence of continents The westerlies Local winds Sea breese Land breesemountain and valley breese Chinook and santa ana winds Wind speed Cup anemometer Prevailing wind Wind vane Wind roses Jet stream Convergence Divergence Pressure tendency Relative humidity and dew-point table Air mass Air-mass weather Arctic air mass Cold front Continental air mass Doppler radiar Eye Eye wall Front Hurricane Lake-effect snow Maritime air mass Middle-latitude midlatitude cyclone Occluded front Overrunning Polar air mass Saffir-simpson scale Source region Stationary front Storm surge Thunderstorm Tornado Tornado warning Tornado watch Tropical t air mass Tropical depression Tropical storm Warm front Hurricane Katrina Nimbostratus Altostratus Cirrostratus Cirrus Cumulonimbus Airflow aloft Suction vortex in tornado Hurricane formation and decey ASTRONOMY Absolute magnitude Apparent magnitude Barred spiral galaxy Big bang Black hole Bright nebula Dark nebula Degenerate matter Doppler effect Elliptical galaxy Emission nebula Eruptive variable star Ytrtzspring-russell h-r diagram Hubble’s law Hydrogen burning Interstellar dust Irregular galaxy Light-year Local group Magnitude Main-sequence star Nebula Neutron star Nova Planetary nebula Protostar Pulsar Pulsating variable star Red giant Reflection nebula Spiral galaxy Stellar parallax Supergiant Supernova White dwarf Properties of stars Stellar evolution Star birth Protostar stage Main-sequence stage Red giant stage Burnout and death Death of low-mass stars Death of medium nass stars Death of massive stars Stellar remnants White dwarts Degenerate matter Neutron stars Pulsar Black holes The milky way galaxy Types of galaxies Nucleus Halo Globular clusters Galactic clusters OCEANOLOGY Sidescan towfish Terrigenous sediment Biogenous sediment hydrogenous sediment manganese nodules calcium carbonates metal sulfides evaporates seafloor sediments and climate change – indirect evidence surface circulation gyres sargassum in arctic sea salts not a part of sea ice, sea water becomes more concentrated which makes it denser and prone to sink/ sand movement on the beach movement perpendicular to the shoreline wave refraction longshore transport beach drift longshore current upstream dawnstream wave erosion at gabriola island, british Columbia wave-cut clifts, platforms,marine terrase sea arches and sea stacks depositional features spits, bars, tombolos, barrier islands, emergent coasts submergent coasts tidal delta HYDROLOGY Hudson river External processes Weathering Mass westing Erosion Slump Rockside Debris flow Earthflow Oversteepened slope Angle of repose Removal of vegetation Earthquakes and trigges The water cycleinfiltration runoff Transpiration Water is the single most important agentsculpturing earth’s surface Drainage basin River systems Streamflow Laminar flow incissum=to cut into Turbulent flow Gradient of channel characteristics Discharage Changes from upstream to downstream The work of running water Erosion Transportation Dissolved load Suspended loadidening Floodplain Changing base level and incises meand Bed load Competence and capacity Deposition Stream channels Bedrock channels Alluvial channels Meandering channels Braided channels Oxbow lakes Base level and stream erosion Ultimate base level Local or temporary base level Shaping stream vallies v-shaped vallies valley deepening rapids waterfall valley widening floodplain changing base lavel and incised meanders depositional landforms bars natural levees canyonland national park dendritic pattern rectangular trellis flash floods artificial levees channelization artificial cutoff a nonstructural approach distribution and movement of groundwater three finger cave Lincoln county nm spring in Arizona marble canyon hot springs geysers drawdown cone of depression treating groundwater as a nonrenewable resource land subsidence caused by groundwater withdrawal groundwater contamination dripstone Adirondack state park Alluvium Angle of repose Aquifer Aquitard Artesian well Backswamp Bar Base level Bed load Braided channels Capacity Cavern Competence Cone of depression Cutoff Delta Dendritic pattern Discharge Dissolved load Distributary Divide Drainage basin Drawdown Erosion External process Flood Floodplain Geyser Gradient Groundwater Hot spring Incised meander Infiltration Internal process Karst topography Laminar flow Mass wasting Meander Natural levee Oxbow lake Permeability Porosity Radial pattern Rectangular pattern Runoff Sinkhole Sorting Spring Stalactite Stalagmite Stream valley Suspended load Transpiration Trellis pattern Turbulent flow Unsaturated zonewater cycle Water table Weathering Well yazoo tributary zone of saturation GLACIOLOGY Chigmin mountains Lake clark national park Alaska Malaspina glacier s Alaska Glacier national park Montana Tracy arm Alaska Saint elias national park Alaska Valley (Alpine) glacier Ice sheets Ice caps Piedmont glaciers The movement of glacial ice is flow Plastic movement Ice is brittle solid until pressure above 50 v Slising movement The uppermost zone above 50m –zone of fracture. When the glacier moves over irregular terrain, the zone of fracture is subjected to tension, resulting in cracks called crevasses Below 50m plastic flow seals them off Observing and measuring movement Budget of a glacier – accumulation versus wastage Zone of accumulation Snowline Crevasses Zone of wastage Iceberg formed by calving Terminus of glacier How glaciers erode Plucking Abrasion Rock flour Glacial striation Landsforms created by glacial erosion Glaciated valleys Glacial trough Handing valleys Cirques Arêtes and hornstarn Pater noster lakes Main glacier Medial moraine u-shaped valley fiords glatial till types of glacial drift stratified drift glacial erratics moraines, outwash plains, kettles lateral and medial moraines end moraines and ground moraines outwash plains and valley trains kettles kettle lake drumlins eskers kames retreating glacier glaciers of the ice age Pleistocene epoch DESERTS Arizona’s organ pipe cactus national monuments Ajo mountains Desert Steppe Great basin Mojave Sonoran Chihuahuan Atacama Patagonian Sahara Namib Kalahari Arabian Iranian Turkestan Great Indian Gobi Great sandy Simpson The role of water in arid climate Ephemeral streams Arizona’s organ pipe cactus national monument The ajo mountains Deflation Blowouts Desert pavement Saltation Wind abrasion Loess Sand dunes Slip face Cross beds British Columbia Month robson MINERALOGY Charoit Atom Atomic number Chemical compound Cleavage Color Covalent bond Dencity Electron Element Energy levels Fracture Habit Hardness Ionic bond Ions Isotope Luster Mass number Mineral Mineralogy Mineral resource Mohs scale Neutron Nonsilicate Nucleus Ore Periodic table Principal shell Proton Radioactive decay Reserve Rock Silicates Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron Specific gravity Streak Tenacity Valence electronsssesses an orderly crystalline structure and well defined chelical composition Natural occurring Solid Orderly crystalline structure Well=defined chemical composition Generally inorganic Electron cloud Ionic bonds electronic transferred Optical properties –light, color, ctreak Metallic luster Submetallic luster Nonmetallic luster Vitreous or glassy luster Dull or earthy luster Pearly luster Silky luster Greasy luster like oil Opaque Translucent Crystal shape or habit Mineral strength Tenacity Hardness Cleavage Fracture Brittle or shatter Malleable Sectile Elastic Banded Botryidal Bladed Prismatic The number of cleavage planes and the angle at which they meet Fracture Conchoidal fracture Density and specific gravity Double rafraction Conchoidal fracture Only 8 rlements compose minerals Silicate minerals Common nonsilicate mineral groups Grand saline, texas Minerals occurring in inorganic solid that pa PETROGRAPHY Andesitic (intermediate) composition Basaltic composition Bowen’s reaction series Chemical sedimentary rocks Chemical weathering Talus slope The chemical weathering of granite produce clay minerals along with potassium ions and silica, which enters into sodium Coarse-grained texture Contact (thermal) metamorphism Compacted and cemented sediments Classifying sedimentary rocks Detritusedimentary rocks Chemical sedimentary rocks Conglomerate Breccia Sandstone Shale Siltstone Biochemical sediments Limestone Coquina Chalk Travertine Rock gypsum Salt flats Rock salt Rock gypsum Agate Flint Jasper Chert Strata or beds – the mostcharacteristic feature of sedimentary rocks Bedding planes Bonneville salt flats White chalk clift Detrital s Crystallization Crystal settling Detrital sedimentary rock Evaporite deposit Extrusive –volcanic Felsic Fine-grained texture Porphiric texture Glassy texture Granitic felsic rocks Basaltic mafic rocks Andesitic intermediate rocksmagmatic differentiation Foliated texture Fossil Glassy texture Granitic composition Igneous rock Intrusive-plutonic Lava Lithification Mafic Magma Magmatic differentiation Mechanical weathering Frost wedging Unloading Biological activity Metamorphic rock Metamorphism Parebt rock Low-grade methamorphism High-grade methamorphism Thermal or contact metamorphism Regional mephamorphism Agents of methamorphism Ripple marks Mud cracks Anza Borrego desert state park Pressure (stress) as a metamorphic agents Differential stress Ductile Chemical active fluids Minerals tend to recristallize and grow longer in direction perpendicular to compressional stress Metamorphic textures Brittle Foliated texture Nonfiliated texture Marble Common mwthamorphic rocks FoliTED ROCKS Slate Schist Mica schist Gneiss Quartzite Nonfoliated texture Porphyric texture Regional metamorphism Rock cycle Sediment Sedimentary rock Strata-beds Texture Ultramafic composition Weathering PLATE TECTONICS Continental drift C0ntinental volcanic arc Curie point Fossil magnetism Fracture zone Magnetic reversal Magnetic time scale Magnetometer Ridge push Slab pull VOLCANOLOGY Aa flow Batholit Caldera Cinder cone Columnar joint Composite cone Conduit Continental volcanic arc Crater Dike Fissure Fissure eruption Flood basalt Fumarole Hot spot Intraplate volcanism Island arc Laccolith Lahar Nuee argente Pahoehoe flow Parasitic cone Pipe Pluton Pyroclastic flow Pyroclastic materials Scoria cone Shield volcfno Sill Stratovolcano Vent Viscosity Volatilesvolcanic island arc Volcanic neck Kilauea Loihi Mauna loa Hualalai Mauna kea Haeakala Molokai maui volcano a magma’s viscosity silica content pyroclastic material aa flow –slow moving lava ach dust welded tuff lapilli cinders blocks bombs anatomy of a volcano conduit pipe crater calderas parasitic cone shield volcanoes mauna loa puu oo cinder cone scoria cone sp crater, a cinder cone north of flagstaff Arizona paricutim mexico east rift zone Kilauea Hawaii composite cones stratovolcanoes – ring of fire lauca national park chili piroclastic flow mudflows on active and inactive cones lahar calderas crater lake Oregon type calderras Hawaiian type calderas Yellowstone type calderas Fissure eruptions Lava plateaus Columbia river basalts Flood basalts Volcanic pipes Necks Ship rock nm Dikes Sills and loccalithcolumnar joints Batholith Cleveland volcano aluetian SEISMOLOGY Earthquake and fault Focus Epicenternitude Wave front Cause of earthquake Elastic rebound Foreshocks and aftershock Seismology Seismograph Surface waves Body waves Primary – p waves Secondary s wavws A travel-time graph The size of earthquake Intensity Magnitude Intensity schale Modified mercally intensity scale Magnitude scale Richter magnitude Moment magnitude Structural damage from seismick vibrations Amplification of seismic waves Liquification Mud volcano Sand volcano Tsunami Tsunami damage from December 26 2004 indonesian earthquake Landslides and ground subsidence Fire Turnagain heights slide 1964 alaskan earthquake Formation of earth layered structure Earth’s inner structure STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY Rock deformation Elastic deformation Brittle deformation Ductile deformation Brittle failure Brittle deformation Folds Anticline Sincline Domas Basins Black hills south Dakota Faults Fault zone Dip-slip faults Fault scarp Month kidd Alberta Canada Kanab utah Reverse faults Thrust faults Strick-slip faults Transform faults Mountain building Karakorumcharakusa valley Mountains building at subduction zones Collisional mountain ranges Seafloor sediments and climate Change The studuing of seafloor sediments is an indirect method of climate changing. When near-surface organisms die,their tests slowly settle onto the ocean floor, where they can become buried and preserved over time. Numerous near-surface organisms (foraminifers) are very sensitive to variations in water temperature and a climate change, ocean circulation change, the timing of major extinction events and other environmental changes. |
